{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129110585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131709","title":"GLF-Net: Global-local fusion network for radar signal modulation recognition","display_name":"GLF-Net: Global-local fusion network for radar signal modulation recognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129110585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111240791","display_name":"Xingnong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingnong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7832-4336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126114611","display_name":"Xiaolin Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Sea and Air Information Sensing and Processing Technology, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2600-9615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Sea and Air Information Sensing and Processing Technology, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126156552","display_name":"Xiaolong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Aviation University, Yantai, 264001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1040-1655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Aviation University, Yantai, 264001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126165482","display_name":"Guolong Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guolong Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5707-6311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126127111","display_name":"Jibin Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7144-8388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050426856","display_name":"Wenming Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6659-5727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenming Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6659-5727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126134642","display_name":"Jinglei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinglei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-6920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126080521","display_name":"Zhaowei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaowei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0179-815X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126117496","display_name":"Weiqing Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqing Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7869-2404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126114611"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20016947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"315","issue":null,"first_page":"131709","last_page":"131709"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7290999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.3637999892234802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7926999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7290999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984296375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar systems","level":3,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151120012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2143008","display_name":"Passive radar","level":5,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7449365258216858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1330121928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371383","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2934658638","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801415","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2940033539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G554325598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFB3909800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6274013133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2024JQ003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7074195287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U25B2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G945715279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2024MF109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324731","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2337334867","https://openalex.org/W2972356219","https://openalex.org/W2990554528","https://openalex.org/W2995058853","https://openalex.org/W3009850456","https://openalex.org/W3011402415","https://openalex.org/W3015903302","https://openalex.org/W3026464726","https://openalex.org/W3035331011","https://openalex.org/W3094240882","https://openalex.org/W3148401945","https://openalex.org/W3167948099","https://openalex.org/W3174003812","https://openalex.org/W3174436187","https://openalex.org/W3195793804","https://openalex.org/W3202890358","https://openalex.org/W3203126653","https://openalex.org/W3214421355","https://openalex.org/W4205566659","https://openalex.org/W4205989062","https://openalex.org/W4220984399","https://openalex.org/W4226117432","https://openalex.org/W4280588264","https://openalex.org/W4289821471","https://openalex.org/W4294151805","https://openalex.org/W4303980452","https://openalex.org/W4306672792","https://openalex.org/W4308970693","https://openalex.org/W4319982518","https://openalex.org/W4362588181","https://openalex.org/W4367032205","https://openalex.org/W4379260068","https://openalex.org/W4381301255","https://openalex.org/W4383337778","https://openalex.org/W4385346076","https://openalex.org/W4387199878","https://openalex.org/W4392124327","https://openalex.org/W4399661758","https://openalex.org/W4400038066","https://openalex.org/W4400314883","https://openalex.org/W4401077427","https://openalex.org/W4401325839","https://openalex.org/W4403182141","https://openalex.org/W4406890544","https://openalex.org/W4410114800","https://openalex.org/W4412164088"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2026-02-17T00:00:00"}