{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128470759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131509","title":"PaDe: Towards robust adversarial patch defense via trigger-space feature decoupling and orthogonal representation learning","display_name":"PaDe: Towards robust adversarial patch defense via trigger-space feature decoupling and orthogonal representation learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128470759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125595005","display_name":"Wenlong Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenlong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125588454","display_name":"Heng Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125595444","display_name":"Yuhao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100439832","display_name":"Pei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-8825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432158","display_name":"Xu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7032-6618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Security and Trusted Computing, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100439832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4985579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"313","issue":null,"first_page":"131509","last_page":"131509"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6419000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5436999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoupling","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-model","display_name":"Feature model","score":0.3578000068664551}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6923999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6419000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5436999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205606062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","level":2,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101814296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5439685","display_name":"Feature model","level":3,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153150388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2452504","display_name":"Pad\u00e9 approximant","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5183768272399902,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W4307965990","https://openalex.org/W4386038403","https://openalex.org/W4386038437","https://openalex.org/W4387623951","https://openalex.org/W4401210544","https://openalex.org/W4401246960","https://openalex.org/W4402039666"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-15T05:58:04.055770","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}