{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127100819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318","title":"PGMaP: Password generation based on mask prediction","display_name":"PGMaP: Password generation based on mask prediction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127100819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124862451","display_name":"Chenyang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8762-8279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124839569","display_name":"Fan Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-2706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123951745","display_name":"Shasha Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shasha Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3308-9123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-7610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-7610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124849052","display_name":"Yi Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2923-7963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050637129","display_name":"Chengxi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-7710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengxi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-7710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124799479","display_name":"Pengfei Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8102-5239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, 230037, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1001257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"311","issue":null,"first_page":"131318","last_page":"131318"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9728000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.7484999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s/key","display_name":"S/KEY","score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.6442000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.6064000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-policy","display_name":"Password policy","score":0.5981000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.557699978351593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9728000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8644000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.7484999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6442000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.6064000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98705547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394687","display_name":"Password policy","level":4,"score":0.5981000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188615804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069448","display_name":"Zero-knowledge password proof","level":5,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113328881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599809","display_name":"Dictionary attack","level":3,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776371256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12370","display_name":"Salt (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6682472825050354}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G46527380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3102902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014833947","https://openalex.org/W2080051698","https://openalex.org/W2157298821","https://openalex.org/W2218132318","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2982034297","https://openalex.org/W3017095157","https://openalex.org/W3022006292","https://openalex.org/W3155266060","https://openalex.org/W3160293771","https://openalex.org/W3182377983","https://openalex.org/W3195401683","https://openalex.org/W4224979642"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numerous":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2],"focused":[3],"on":[4,49,129,214],"data-driven":[5],"password":[6,24,27,34,68,125,146,173,186,220,242],"guessing":[7,221,243],"methods":[8,46,199],"in":[9,56,202],"recent":[10],"years,":[11],"aiming":[12],"to":[13,61,111,151,171,184,210],"reduce":[14],"the":[15,31,65,75,103,153,182,207,215],"use":[16],"of":[17,33,71,79,99,106,139,190,237],"weak":[18],"passwords":[19,55,83,115,212],"by":[20,40,84,116,120,156,188],"users":[21,53,81,93,157],"and":[22,36,74,96,109,160,240],"improve":[23],"security.":[25],"Existing":[26],"generation":[28,126],"models":[29],"learn":[30,172],"distribution":[32],"datasets":[35],"generate":[37,185,201,211,233],"candidate":[38],"guesses":[39,187],"fitting":[41],"sequential":[42],"conditional":[43],"probabilities.":[44],"These":[45],"are":[47,179],"based":[48,128,198,213],"a":[50,124,145,166,234],"key":[51,104],"assumption:":[52],"construct":[54,82,165],"one":[57,203],"direction":[58],"from":[59,194],"left":[60],"right.":[62],"However,":[63],"with":[64],"more":[66],"complex":[67],"policy":[69],"requirements":[70],"authentication":[72],"systems":[73],"increasing":[76],"security":[77],"awareness":[78],"people,":[80],"modifying":[85,161],"existing":[86,117,195,246],"or":[87],"popular":[88],"passwords.":[89,100,141,162],"At":[90],"this":[91,136],"point,":[92],"consider":[94],"global":[95],"bi-directional":[97,174],"information":[98],"This":[101],"breaks":[102],"assumption":[105],"uni-directional":[107],"construction":[108,147],"leads":[110],"omissions":[112],"when":[113],"generating":[114],"methods.":[118,247],"Motivated":[119],"this,":[121],"we":[122,143,164,227],"propose":[123],"method":[127],"mask":[130,191],"prediction,":[131],"named":[132],"PGMaP,":[133],"which":[134],"captures":[135],"large":[137,235],"number":[138,236],"omitted":[140,238],"First,":[142],"design":[144],"template":[148],"extraction":[149],"algorithm":[150],"cluster":[152],"templates":[154,178],"used":[155],"for":[158],"constructing":[159],"Then":[163],"transformer-based":[167],"masked":[168],"language":[169],"model":[170,183,197,209],"features.":[175],"The":[176],"extracted":[177],"fed":[180],"into":[181],"means":[189],"prediction.":[192],"Different":[193],"auto-regressive":[196],"that":[200,229],"direction,":[204],"PGMaP":[205,230],"uses":[206],"auto-encoding":[208],"bidirectional":[216],"information.":[217],"Finally,":[218],"through":[219],"experiments":[222],"all":[223],"eight":[224],"real-world":[225],"datasets,":[226],"demonstrate":[228],"can":[231],"effectively":[232],"passwords,":[239],"its":[241],"performance":[244],"outperforms":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}