{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124312254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215","title":"From coarse to fine-grained decomposition: Hierarchical question generation and learned importance for automated fact-checking","display_name":"From coarse to fine-grained decomposition: Hierarchical question generation and learned importance for automated fact-checking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124312254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123147796","display_name":"Xuanling Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuanling Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["organization=School of Science, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, addressline=Lintong District, city=Xi\u2019an, postcode=710600, state=Shaanxi, country=China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4816-2701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"organization=School of Science, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, addressline=Lintong District, city=Xi\u2019an, postcode=710600, state=Shaanxi, country=China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weibing Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3773-6218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weibing Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["organization=School of Science, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, addressline=Lintong District, city=Xi\u2019an, postcode=710600, state=Shaanxi, country=China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3773-6218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"organization=School of Science, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, addressline=Lintong District, city=Xi\u2019an, postcode=710600, state=Shaanxi, country=China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123085320","display_name":"Huimei Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huimei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["organization=School of Science, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, addressline=Lintong District, city=Xi\u2019an, postcode=710600, state=Shaanxi, country=China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-696X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"organization=School of Science, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, addressline=Lintong District, city=Xi\u2019an, postcode=710600, state=Shaanxi, country=China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123147796"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07262457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"309","issue":null,"first_page":"131215","last_page":"131215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.646399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5297999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewpoints","display_name":"Viewpoints","score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-accusation","display_name":"False accusation","score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4300999939441681}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.646399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5297999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59577422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10265143","display_name":"False accusation","level":2,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776213154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13370881","display_name":"Verdict","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187029079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958679","display_name":"Cognitive reframing","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13144211","display_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","issn_l":"0957-4174","issn":["0957-4174","1873-6793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3097579624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12172280","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523207696","https://openalex.org/W2121001250","https://openalex.org/W2147329770","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W3125618971","https://openalex.org/W3196268181","https://openalex.org/W4220757217","https://openalex.org/W4221053465","https://openalex.org/W4283796192","https://openalex.org/W4390692489","https://openalex.org/W4404565371","https://openalex.org/W4405855348"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Highlights":[0],"\u2022":[1,9,18,28],"A":[2],"hierarchical,":[3],"importance-aware":[4,20],"framework":[5,31,104],"for":[6,43,211],"automated":[7],"fact-checking":[8,40,103],"Deconstructs":[10],"claims":[11,133],"hierarchically":[12,131],"via":[13,32,105,138],"a":[14,82,102,201,218,221],"multi-stage":[15,139],"question":[16,140],"pipeline":[17],"An":[19],"integration":[21],"guided":[22],"by":[23,46,89,224],"Natural":[24,202],"Language":[25,203],"Inference":[26,204],"labels":[27],"Validates":[29],"the":[30,57,62,73,90,119,150,154,161,181,195,213,227,253],"sensitivity":[33],"analysis":[34],"and":[35,65,110,125,188,234],"in-depth":[36,249],"case":[37,250],"studies":[38,251],"Automated":[39],"is":[41,206,262],"vital":[42],"combating":[44],"misinformation":[45],"evaluating":[47],"claim":[48,58,123],"credibility":[49],"against":[50],"evidence.":[51],"Existing":[52],"methods":[53],"focus":[54],"on":[55,160,245],"decomposing":[56],"into":[59,134,176],"components":[60,77,137],"at":[61,264],"same":[63],"level":[64],"examining":[66],"them":[67],"separately":[68],"with":[69,248],"equal":[70],"importance,":[71],"overlooking":[72],"reality":[74],"that":[75],"some":[76],"are":[78],"more":[79],"critical":[80],"to":[81,147,166,193],"claim\u2019s":[83,162,182,214],"overall":[84,163],"validity":[85],"than":[86],"others.":[87],"Inspired":[88],"human":[91],"progressive":[92],"thinking":[93],"process,":[94],"in":[95,152],"this":[96],"paper,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"HILI":[100,116,143,170],",":[101],"HI":[106],"erarchical":[107],"Question":[108],"Generation":[109],"L":[111],"earned":[112],"I":[113],"mportance":[114],"Integration.":[115],"moves":[117],"beyond":[118],"limitations":[120],"of":[121,157,198,230,255],"single-perspective":[122],"decomposition":[124],"equally-weighted":[126],"verdict":[127,223],"aggregation.":[128],"Instead,":[129],"it":[130],"decomposes":[132],"increasingly":[135],"fine-grained":[136],"generation.":[141],"Then":[142],"integrates":[144],"importance":[145,197,209,237],"scores":[146,210],"explicitly":[148],"guide":[149],"model":[151,205],"considering":[153,226],"differential":[155,196],"impact":[156],"each":[158,199,231],"component":[159],"veracity.":[164,216],"Specifically,":[165],"progressively":[167],"decompose":[168],"claim,":[169],"first":[171],"generates":[172],"question-answer":[173,232],"pairs":[174],"organized":[175],"three":[177],"distinct":[178],"stages":[179],"targeting":[180],"core":[183],"thesis,":[184],"its":[185,189,235,256],"peripheral":[186],"details,":[187],"implicit":[190],"information.":[191],"Subsequently,":[192],"quantify":[194],"component,":[200],"employed,":[207],"producing":[208],"determining":[212],"final":[215],"Finally,":[217],"classifier":[219],"reaches":[220],"holistic":[222],"jointly":[225],"textual":[228],"content":[229],"pair":[233],"corresponding":[236],"scores.":[238],"Our":[239],"method":[240],"achieves":[241],"new":[242],"state-of-the-art":[243],"results":[244],"public":[246],"datasets,":[247],"demonstrating":[252],"effectiveness":[254],"hierarchical":[257],"approach.":[258],"The":[259],"source":[260],"code":[261],"available":[263],"https://github.com/xuanling-zhang/HILI.git":[265],".":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-16T00:00:00"}