{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162763514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165","title":"Multi-scale feature extraction of road marking from front-view images through hybrid convolutional and vision transformer for high-definition map","display_name":"Multi-scale feature extraction of road marking from front-view images through hybrid convolutional and vision transformer for high-definition map","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162763514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137335690","display_name":"Kang Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["CN","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy","School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101992293","display_name":"Jingrong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-7016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingrong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137365217","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-5792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134687103","display_name":"Nanjing Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd35x91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-6767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103","https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137357036","display_name":"Jiao Zhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiao Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116337582","display_name":"Zhifei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4707-9346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, 80333, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4707-9346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, 80333, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101992293","https://openalex.org/A5137365217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":{"value":3170,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3170},"apc_paid":{"value":3170,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3170},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76969921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"179","issue":null,"first_page":"115165","last_page":"115165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.5932999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.5932999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.15289999544620514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0754999965429306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5813999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9135000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7178000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6559000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5813999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25304431","display_name":"Saliency map","level":3,"score":0.23340000212192535}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.115165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6157040596008301,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976362452","https://openalex.org/W2050932842","https://openalex.org/W2118545852","https://openalex.org/W2159132531","https://openalex.org/W2558027072","https://openalex.org/W2790482089","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2892614179","https://openalex.org/W2895297487","https://openalex.org/W2963856865","https://openalex.org/W2971092880","https://openalex.org/W3000192950","https://openalex.org/W3015811284","https://openalex.org/W3086039631","https://openalex.org/W3154748738","https://openalex.org/W3197017665","https://openalex.org/W4281801349","https://openalex.org/W4360823144","https://openalex.org/W4366352743","https://openalex.org/W4377232670","https://openalex.org/W4406321649"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,14,52,69,77,94,101,135,165,205,211],"process":[2],"of":[3,17,71,79,96,103,153,187,195,202,218,222,227],"constructing":[4],"high-definition":[5,25,72,239],"maps,":[6],"road":[7,28,60,88,143,171,206],"markings":[8,19,40,89],"play":[9],"a":[10,58,121,147,151,169,183,189],"crucial":[11],"role,":[12],"making":[13],"precise":[15],"extraction":[16,30,53,62,104,145],"these":[18],"an":[20,198,216,220,225],"indispensable":[21],"task":[22],"for":[23,238],"building":[24],"maps.":[26,73],"Current":[27],"marking":[29,61,144,172,207],"methods":[31,161],"face":[32],"certain":[33,148],"challenges,":[34],"including":[35],"inadequate":[36],"precision":[37],"in":[38,46,51,231],"extracting":[39],"at":[41,90],"different":[42],"scales":[43],"and":[44,83,99,120,134,158,168,197,224],"difficulty":[45],"effectively":[47],"mitigating":[48],"background":[49],"interference":[50],"process.":[54],"This":[55],"study":[56],"proposes":[57],"novel":[59],"method":[63],"called":[64],"RoadFormer,":[65],"aiming":[66],"to":[67,85,141,146],"advance":[68],"construction":[70],"RoadFormer":[74,157,178,214,229],"seamlessly":[75],"integrates":[76],"characteristics":[78],"Convolutional":[80],"Neural":[81],"Networks":[82],"Transformers":[84],"comprehensively":[86],"extract":[87],"various":[91],"scales,":[92],"avoiding":[93],"loss":[95,124,138],"local":[97],"features":[98],"ensuring":[100],"continuity":[102],"results.":[105],"To":[106],"address":[107],"sample":[108,122,136],"imbalance":[109,123,137],"issues":[110],"caused":[111],"by":[112],"backgrounds,":[113],"we":[114],"also":[115],"design":[116],"multi-scale":[117,131,232],"data":[118,132],"augmentation":[119,133],"function.":[125],"Experimental":[126],"results":[127,175],"demonstrate":[128,176],"that":[129,177],"both":[130],"function":[139],"contribute":[140],"improving":[142],"extent.":[149],"Furthermore,":[150],"series":[152],"comparative":[154],"experiments":[155],"between":[156],"six":[159],"other":[160],"were":[162],"conducted":[163],"on":[164,204,210],"CamVid":[166,212],"dataset":[167],"self-collected":[170],"dataset.":[173,208],"The":[174],"achieves":[179,215],"superior":[180],"performance,":[181],"attaining":[182],"Road":[184],"Marking":[185],"F1-score":[186,217],"81.29%,":[188],"Mean":[190],"Intersection":[191],"over":[192],"Union":[193],"(MIoU)":[194],"76.19%,":[196],"Overall":[199],"Accuracy":[200],"(OA)":[201],"99.35%":[203],"Additionally,":[209],"dataset,":[213],"86.96%,":[219],"MIoU":[221],"81.14%,":[223],"OA":[226],"98.08%.":[228],"excels":[230],"feature":[233],"extraction,":[234],"offering":[235],"robust":[236],"support":[237],"map":[240],"creation.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}