{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139973430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114540","title":"Identifying non-small cell lung cancer subtypes by a hybrid representative causal network with computed tomography images","display_name":"Identifying non-small cell lung cancer subtypes by a hybrid representative causal network with computed tomography images","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139973430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130261058","display_name":"Li Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China","School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Modern Industry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-5292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Modern Industry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xueying Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130285508","display_name":"Shanshan Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033919455","display_name":"Zhengqiao Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengqiao Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130276091","display_name":"Shu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101765490","display_name":"Guang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-2839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Donglai Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donglai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074732699","display_name":"Sixi Zha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sixi Zha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Modern Industry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Modern Industry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060245971","display_name":"Guoxin Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2087-4894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoxin Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2087-4894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130267561","display_name":"Qing Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qing Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Modern Industry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Modern Industry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130261058","https://openalex.org/A5130267561"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170","https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":{"value":3170,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3170},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49078953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"174","issue":null,"first_page":"114540","last_page":"114540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.7910000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.7910000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.12030000239610672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.01590000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiomics","display_name":"Radiomics","score":0.5156999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-consistency","display_name":"Causal consistency","score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.40860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7552000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6381999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23808793","display_name":"Radiomics","level":2,"score":0.5156999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175652121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4379351","display_name":"Causal consistency","level":5,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987525970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96374569","display_name":"Causal analysis","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104122410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416406","display_name":"Network model","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4917772114276886,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991086178","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2088252378","https://openalex.org/W2097475056","https://openalex.org/W2103004421","https://openalex.org/W2128739912","https://openalex.org/W2322371438","https://openalex.org/W2333277922","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2606926876","https://openalex.org/W2763355946","https://openalex.org/W2790098524","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919558416","https://openalex.org/W2921157435","https://openalex.org/W2943506954","https://openalex.org/W2951970255","https://openalex.org/W2995750307","https://openalex.org/W3048173156","https://openalex.org/W3081061369","https://openalex.org/W3121242474","https://openalex.org/W3166591035","https://openalex.org/W3181005890","https://openalex.org/W4221080272","https://openalex.org/W4256049924","https://openalex.org/W4281898676","https://openalex.org/W4281937942","https://openalex.org/W4285741624","https://openalex.org/W4289236186","https://openalex.org/W4293179623","https://openalex.org/W4296919006","https://openalex.org/W4311718401","https://openalex.org/W4317702979","https://openalex.org/W4318975442","https://openalex.org/W4320890081","https://openalex.org/W4386945349","https://openalex.org/W4387638841","https://openalex.org/W4387729011","https://openalex.org/W4388473640","https://openalex.org/W4389144895","https://openalex.org/W4391109978","https://openalex.org/W4391660222","https://openalex.org/W4393020918","https://openalex.org/W4393167082","https://openalex.org/W4396578191","https://openalex.org/W4400429759","https://openalex.org/W4400781603","https://openalex.org/W4401109745","https://openalex.org/W4401620922","https://openalex.org/W4402648353","https://openalex.org/W4404436738","https://openalex.org/W4406821444","https://openalex.org/W4407390581","https://openalex.org/W4408345080"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2026-03-22T00:00:00"}