{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134076622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002","title":"Optimization in offshore wind farms \u2013 a survey of problems, models, and solution approaches","display_name":"Optimization in offshore wind farms \u2013 a survey of problems, models, and solution approaches","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134076622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103321696","display_name":"European Journal of Operational Research","issn_l":"0377-2217","issn":["0377-2217","1872-6860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128253133","display_name":"Vibeke Hvidegaard Petersen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vibeke Hvidegaard Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz vei 3, Trondheim, 7491, NO, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8064-713X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz vei 3, Trondheim, 7491, NO, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Pisinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7695-9662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Pisinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["DTU Management, Technical University of Denmark, Akademivej 358, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, DK, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7695-9662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DTU Management, Technical University of Denmark, Akademivej 358, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, DK, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038222751","display_name":"Magnus St\u00e5lhane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus St\u00e5lhane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz vei 3, Trondheim, 7491, NO, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6441-9877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz vei 3, Trondheim, 7491, NO, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36229116,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"334","issue":"2","first_page":"351","last_page":"376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.4221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.4221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11250","display_name":"Wave and Wind Energy Systems","score":0.0908999964594841,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.046300001442432404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-power","display_name":"Offshore wind power","score":0.8658000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine-pipeline","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-sea","display_name":"North sea","score":0.3057999908924103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.8658000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.44859999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983223943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1693","display_name":"North sea","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173481278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997","display_name":"Survey research","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103321696","display_name":"European Journal of Operational Research","issn_l":"0377-2217","issn":["0377-2217","1872-6860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.03.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103321696","display_name":"European Journal of Operational Research","issn_l":"0377-2217","issn":["0377-2217","1872-6860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3449904820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101093188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8339925729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ERC-2022-ADG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":127,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1409921370","https://openalex.org/W1867774122","https://openalex.org/W1928912566","https://openalex.org/W1965637285","https://openalex.org/W1969532109","https://openalex.org/W1972737257","https://openalex.org/W1977548553","https://openalex.org/W1979606535","https://openalex.org/W1987744899","https://openalex.org/W1994271251","https://openalex.org/W1995987663","https://openalex.org/W1996040720","https://openalex.org/W2001268989","https://openalex.org/W2001413382","https://openalex.org/W2002212083","https://openalex.org/W2008045716","https://openalex.org/W2013247967","https://openalex.org/W2014320134","https://openalex.org/W2017405296","https://openalex.org/W2018573276","https://openalex.org/W2021523863","https://openalex.org/W2036826521","https://openalex.org/W2040933335","https://openalex.org/W2057569088","https://openalex.org/W2057893679","https://openalex.org/W2062129495","https://openalex.org/W2062632201","https://openalex.org/W2064370739","https://openalex.org/W2068762657","https://openalex.org/W2071225959","https://openalex.org/W2077309996","https://openalex.org/W2080071235","https://openalex.org/W2080464413","https://openalex.org/W2090997006","https://openalex.org/W2091809587","https://openalex.org/W2092951967","https://openalex.org/W2102477068","https://openalex.org/W2108553164","https://openalex.org/W2118578357","https://openalex.org/W2124668330","https://openalex.org/W2130573817","https://openalex.org/W2141018803","https://openalex.org/W2145805063","https://openalex.org/W2168237278","https://openalex.org/W2200750079","https://openalex.org/W2266150835","https://openalex.org/W2270343995","https://openalex.org/W2280598065","https://openalex.org/W2319027612","https://openalex.org/W2405706183","https://openalex.org/W2411634221","https://openalex.org/W2480254756","https://openalex.org/W2510611824","https://openalex.org/W2521097351","https://openalex.org/W2547725344","https://openalex.org/W2560669047","https://openalex.org/W2567646394","https://openalex.org/W2586077259","https://openalex.org/W2595486952","https://openalex.org/W2596332277","https://openalex.org/W2603555288","https://openalex.org/W2620334146","https://openalex.org/W2733925309","https://openalex.org/W2755053561","https://openalex.org/W2759202989","https://openalex.org/W2763422383","https://openalex.org/W2766052963","https://openalex.org/W2787911605","https://openalex.org/W2791053345","https://openalex.org/W2800222242","https://openalex.org/W2800945124","https://openalex.org/W2804169824","https://openalex.org/W2888940799","https://openalex.org/W2896106395","https://openalex.org/W2897956149","https://openalex.org/W2909324897","https://openalex.org/W2909759588","https://openalex.org/W2912384136","https://openalex.org/W2917468769","https://openalex.org/W2922287705","https://openalex.org/W2940987569","https://openalex.org/W2943632169","https://openalex.org/W2946282614","https://openalex.org/W2953808312","https://openalex.org/W2956725128","https://openalex.org/W2967522610","https://openalex.org/W2969409526","https://openalex.org/W2969466833","https://openalex.org/W2983400779","https://openalex.org/W2986975079","https://openalex.org/W2990206958","https://openalex.org/W3007981860","https://openalex.org/W3031844061","https://openalex.org/W3044394219","https://openalex.org/W3046893331","https://openalex.org/W3047863327","https://openalex.org/W3048430646","https://openalex.org/W3084318343","https://openalex.org/W3120346394","https://openalex.org/W3121094097","https://openalex.org/W3134070257","https://openalex.org/W3153621240","https://openalex.org/W3161651953","https://openalex.org/W3174301391","https://openalex.org/W3179923832","https://openalex.org/W3207474736","https://openalex.org/W4206831210","https://openalex.org/W4207084474","https://openalex.org/W4221131794","https://openalex.org/W4224087548","https://openalex.org/W4224911203","https://openalex.org/W4280542610","https://openalex.org/W4289334325","https://openalex.org/W4295736001","https://openalex.org/W4307935893","https://openalex.org/W4324150135","https://openalex.org/W4327717852","https://openalex.org/W4367856461","https://openalex.org/W4379058123","https://openalex.org/W4382792989","https://openalex.org/W4388941471","https://openalex.org/W4390753843","https://openalex.org/W4391196818","https://openalex.org/W4394976071","https://openalex.org/W4399158023","https://openalex.org/W4399273808","https://openalex.org/W4403375184"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0],"A":[1],"survey":[2,79],"of":[3,10,80,114,133,156,176,183,190],"OR":[4],"problems":[5,165],"related":[6,87],"to":[7,25,88,98,110],"all":[8],"phases":[9,113],"the":[11,70,94,111,115,147,184,191],"offshore":[12,89,116],"wind":[13,53,90,117],"farm":[14,118],"life":[15,119,192],"cycle":[16,193],"The":[17,105],"surveyed":[18],"literature":[19,157,186],"is":[20,107,194],"classified":[21],"in":[22,69,196],"tables":[23],"according":[24,109],"problem":[26],"specific":[27],"criteria":[28],"Detailed":[29],"MIP":[30],"models":[31],"are":[32,39,44,50],"presented":[33],"for":[34,146,151],"each":[35,137,188],"sub-problem,":[36],"and":[37,46,56,63,84,101,128,131,145,172,204],"extensions":[38],"discussed":[40],"Major":[41],"solution":[42,85,177],"methods":[43],"presented,":[45],"future":[47,202,206],"research":[48,103,207],"directions":[49,208],"highlighted":[51],"Offshore":[52],"offers":[54],"clean":[55],"renewable":[57],"energy":[58,72],"on":[59],"a":[60,66,77,153,180],"large":[61],"scale,":[62],"hence":[64],"plays":[65],"central":[67],"role":[68],"green":[71],"transition.":[73],"This":[74],"paper":[75,106],"provides":[76],"digested":[78],"optimization":[81],"problems,":[82,144,150],"models,":[83],"approaches":[86],"farms":[91],"that":[92],"gives":[93],"reader":[95],"an":[96,174],"introduction":[97],"this":[99],"exciting":[100],"growing":[102],"area.":[104],"structured":[108,181],"five":[112],"cycle:":[120],"Area":[121],"Selection,":[122],"Wind":[123],"Farm":[124],"Design,":[125],"Installation,":[126],"Operations":[127,142],"Maintenance":[129],",":[130],"End":[132],"Life":[134],".":[135],"For":[136,163],"phase,":[138],"we":[139,159,166,200],"identify":[140],"relevant":[141,185],"Research":[143],"most":[148],"mature":[149],"which":[152],"substantial":[154],"body":[155],"exists,":[158],"present":[160],"mathematical":[161],"formulations.":[162],"these":[164],"also":[167],"discuss":[168,205],"available":[169],"data":[170],"sets":[171],"provide":[173],"overview":[175],"methods.":[178],"Furthermore,":[179],"classification":[182],"within":[187],"phase":[189],"provided":[195],"summary":[197],"tables.":[198],"Finally,":[199],"highlight":[201],"trends":[203],"along":[209],"several":[210],"axes":[211],"before":[212],"concluding.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-09T07:52:08.696243","created_date":"2026-03-07T00:00:00"}