{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162635355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860","title":"Diag-STFN: A diagnostic spatiotemporal multimodal fusion network for global pre-harvest crop yield forecasting","display_name":"Diag-STFN: A diagnostic spatiotemporal multimodal fusion network for global pre-harvest crop yield forecasting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162635355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011741233","display_name":"Hanchen Zhuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanchen Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090504308","display_name":"Zhiyong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-6134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["GeoDS Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States","School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GeoDS Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137285218","display_name":"Yijun Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080397995","display_name":"Zhen Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0091-6265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Agricultural and Rural Development, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Development and Intelligent Computing, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Agricultural and Rural Development, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Development and Intelligent Computing, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137229655","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5895-4427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137204285","display_name":"Xiaoyao Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Ocean Sensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Sensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137234693","display_name":"Sensen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sensen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137192558","display_name":"Liuchang Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liuchang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137308648","display_name":"Song Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Song Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["GeoDS Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GeoDS Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133539500","display_name":"Xiaocan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaocan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137267543","display_name":"Zhenhong Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5137234693","https://openalex.org/A5137308648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"apc_paid":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64444992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"96","issue":null,"first_page":"103860","last_page":"103860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.5799999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.5799999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.05779999867081642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.04439999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3005000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.59170001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126343540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Crop yield","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989409935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Crop production","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d6a940066f324c9a908a62399786cab7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d6a940066f324c9a908a62399786cab7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics, Vol 96, Iss , Pp 103860- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6841859817504883,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328119","display_name":"National University's Basic Research Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1925749693","https://openalex.org/W1986072339","https://openalex.org/W1988416537","https://openalex.org/W1990537262","https://openalex.org/W1994975670","https://openalex.org/W2019932413","https://openalex.org/W2023128043","https://openalex.org/W2035110811","https://openalex.org/W2036908963","https://openalex.org/W2077766806","https://openalex.org/W2088301618","https://openalex.org/W2097896815","https://openalex.org/W2114891756","https://openalex.org/W2117162642","https://openalex.org/W2118898434","https://openalex.org/W2138763184","https://openalex.org/W2147654971","https://openalex.org/W2158883105","https://openalex.org/W2173773103","https://openalex.org/W2279711895","https://openalex.org/W2568277199","https://openalex.org/W2593666674","https://openalex.org/W2760816842","https://openalex.org/W2790864335","https://openalex.org/W2794357277","https://openalex.org/W2796365778","https://openalex.org/W2883854589","https://openalex.org/W2903885436","https://openalex.org/W2905983018","https://openalex.org/W2946844285","https://openalex.org/W2949505632","https://openalex.org/W2972629016","https://openalex.org/W2972810968","https://openalex.org/W2998349956","https://openalex.org/W3016661890","https://openalex.org/W3048727648","https://openalex.org/W3112881537","https://openalex.org/W3164809178","https://openalex.org/W3166189536","https://openalex.org/W3200814435","https://openalex.org/W3203696868","https://openalex.org/W3214340375","https://openalex.org/W3215039669","https://openalex.org/W4220659116","https://openalex.org/W4224247190","https://openalex.org/W4281989353","https://openalex.org/W4285603663","https://openalex.org/W4382399820","https://openalex.org/W4385704163","https://openalex.org/W4386390084","https://openalex.org/W4386926177","https://openalex.org/W4391175011","https://openalex.org/W4393247196","https://openalex.org/W4393929802","https://openalex.org/W4401797653","https://openalex.org/W4409035238","https://openalex.org/W4409571442","https://openalex.org/W4409766480","https://openalex.org/W4411092853","https://openalex.org/W4411429338","https://openalex.org/W4411888913","https://openalex.org/W4413254695","https://openalex.org/W4415614027","https://openalex.org/W4415630197"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"pre-harvest":[1],"crop":[2,17,26,105,250],"yield":[3,27,106,251],"forecasting":[4],"is":[5,97],"challenged":[6],"by":[7,71],"diverse":[8],"data":[9,229],"characteristics":[10,57],"and":[11,19,35,64,89,114,125,147,159],"environmental":[12],"conditions":[13],"across":[14,111,116,219,222],"different":[15,165,168],"countries,":[16,118],"types,":[18],"lead":[20,121,145],"times.":[21],"The":[22,161],"datasets":[23],"used":[24,130],"in":[25,31,150,235,247],"predictive":[28],"modeling":[29],"differ":[30],"coverage,":[32],"sample":[33],"size,":[34],"signal":[36],"noise.":[37],"To":[38],"address":[39],"this":[40],"challenge,":[41],"we":[42,75],"propose":[43],"a":[44,77,104,232,241],"diagnostic":[45,73,198],"spatiotemporal":[46,78,177],"multimodal":[47,79],"fusion":[48,80,207],"network":[49],"that":[50,84,164,197,215,227],"selects":[51],"model":[52,83,169,245],"structure":[53,187],"based":[54],"on":[55,103,174],"dataset":[56,237],"to":[58,183,244],"determine":[59],"whether":[60],"temporal":[61,185],"trend":[62],"coupling":[63],"spatial":[65,95,189],"module":[66,199],"activation":[67],"are":[68],"warranted.":[69],"Guided":[70],"these":[72],"outcomes,":[74],"develop":[76],"deep":[81],"learning":[82],"conditionally":[85],"predicts":[86],"detrended":[87],"residuals":[88],"activates":[90],"geolocation":[91],"encoding":[92],"only":[93],"when":[94],"autocorrelation":[96],"detected.":[98],"We":[99],"evaluate":[100],"the":[101,136,151,175,184,202],"approach":[102,134],"benchmark":[107],"(CY-Bench),":[108],"covering":[109],"maize":[110,180],"38":[112],"countries":[113,220],"wheat":[115],"29":[117],"under":[119],"three":[120],"times":[122],"(early,":[123],"mid,":[124],"late":[126],"season)":[127],"against":[128],"widely":[129],"baselines.":[131],"Our":[132],"proposed":[133],"achieves":[135],"lowest":[137],"pooled":[138],"NRMSE":[139],"for":[140,154],"both":[141],"crops":[142,166],"at":[143,191],"all":[144],"times,":[146],"it":[148],"remains":[149],"leading":[152],"group":[153],"complementary":[155],"metrics":[156],"including":[157],"MAPE":[158],"KGE.":[160],"diagnosis":[162],"shows":[163,214],"need":[167],"structures.":[170],"Wheat":[171],"always":[172],"relies":[173],"full":[176],"model.":[178],"However,":[179],"mostly":[181],"sticks":[182],"trend-only":[186],"(without":[188],"inputs)":[190],"mid-season.":[192],"Ablation":[193],"studies":[194],"further":[195],"show":[196],"selection":[200],"provides":[201],"primary":[203],"performance":[204,216],"lift,":[205],"while":[206],"strategies":[208],"offer":[209],"secondary":[210],"improvements.":[211],"Variance":[212],"decomposition":[213],"varies":[217],"more":[218],"than":[221],"models.":[223],"This":[224],"research":[225],"highlights":[226],"automated":[228],"diagnostics":[230],"offers":[231],"strategic":[233],"advantage":[234],"managing":[236],"heterogeneity,":[238],"serving":[239],"as":[240],"critical":[242],"prerequisite":[243],"configuration":[246],"global,":[248],"large-scale":[249],"forecasting.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T06:17:00.636019","created_date":"2026-05-29T00:00:00"}