{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160944366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815","title":"Unraveling the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of soil conservation service flows in the Loess Plateau via XGBoost\u2013SHAP","display_name":"Unraveling the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of soil conservation service flows in the Loess Plateau via XGBoost\u2013SHAP","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160944366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114128852","display_name":"Mei Sang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150907","display_name":"Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qh2mm74","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210150907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mei Sang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135910301","display_name":"Xuefeng Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150907","display_name":"Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qh2mm74","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210150907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuefeng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116926569","display_name":"Linru Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6893-2545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150907","display_name":"Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qh2mm74","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210150907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linru Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005863295","display_name":"Licheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-1420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135910301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098","https://openalex.org/I4210150907"],"apc_list":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"apc_paid":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"fwci":6.8424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96958397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"96","issue":null,"first_page":"103815","last_page":"103815"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.810699999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.810699999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.14010000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.026200000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-conservation","display_name":"Soil conservation","score":0.7251999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem-services","display_name":"Ecosystem services","score":0.6177999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loess-plateau","display_name":"Loess plateau","score":0.5436000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watershed","display_name":"Watershed","score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.49070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/erosion","display_name":"Erosion","score":0.37950000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109162521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889669","display_name":"Soil conservation","level":3,"score":0.7251999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6787999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58941895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865","display_name":"Ecosystem services","level":3,"score":0.6177999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993008072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q293730","display_name":"Loess plateau","level":2,"score":0.5436000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150547873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851","display_name":"Watershed","level":2,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.49070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185515318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22723","display_name":"Loess","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172817999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554911","display_name":"Soil functions","level":5,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173727882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5153620","display_name":"Common spatial pattern","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780083587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308081","display_name":"Driving factors","level":3,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110158866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462136","display_name":"Water conservation","level":3,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983671832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Soil loss","level":3,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103781064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866283","display_name":"Carrying capacity","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4968575","display_name":"Plateau (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7519910335540771}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1756771308","https://openalex.org/W1939047492","https://openalex.org/W1982476830","https://openalex.org/W1990267258","https://openalex.org/W1991538680","https://openalex.org/W1997032150","https://openalex.org/W2031116152","https://openalex.org/W2066246263","https://openalex.org/W2067155004","https://openalex.org/W2078984875","https://openalex.org/W2097686432","https://openalex.org/W2150983642","https://openalex.org/W2183320519","https://openalex.org/W2570881823","https://openalex.org/W2904277944","https://openalex.org/W2908701146","https://openalex.org/W2946360347","https://openalex.org/W2950851751","https://openalex.org/W2996969240","https://openalex.org/W2999940311","https://openalex.org/W3009734856","https://openalex.org/W3021459453","https://openalex.org/W3041012492","https://openalex.org/W3049175902","https://openalex.org/W3197230592","https://openalex.org/W4200151571","https://openalex.org/W4280601176","https://openalex.org/W4283724486","https://openalex.org/W4302363682","https://openalex.org/W4309486617","https://openalex.org/W4312075928","https://openalex.org/W4316011969","https://openalex.org/W4367396870","https://openalex.org/W4368353890","https://openalex.org/W4376137718","https://openalex.org/W4387653766","https://openalex.org/W4391848020","https://openalex.org/W4392885326","https://openalex.org/W4393934194","https://openalex.org/W4394015515","https://openalex.org/W4396519116","https://openalex.org/W4396720967","https://openalex.org/W4396994578","https://openalex.org/W4403195024","https://openalex.org/W4404843565","https://openalex.org/W4405516567","https://openalex.org/W4405664321","https://openalex.org/W4406802182","https://openalex.org/W4408346752","https://openalex.org/W4409082169","https://openalex.org/W4413068970","https://openalex.org/W4415625970","https://openalex.org/W4416377063","https://openalex.org/W7133485974"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ecosystem":[0],"service":[1,19,133,154],"flows":[2,20],"are":[3],"fundamental":[4],"to":[5,41,49,76,88,117,125,170,178,254],"the":[6,28,32,61,69,73,78,85,108,151,176,179,212,244,263,293],"generation,":[7],"delivery,":[8],"transformation,":[9],"and":[10,37,54,83,93,103,138,186,247,258,283,290],"maintenance":[11],"of":[12,35,81,193,215,249,297],"ecosystem":[13,256],"services.":[14],"Spatially":[15,267],"quantifying":[16],"soil":[17,36,105,131,152],"conservation":[18,132,153],"(SCSF)":[21,273],"is":[22],"critical":[23],"not":[24],"only":[25],"for":[26,44,285],"elucidating":[27],"intrinsic":[29],"mechanisms":[30],"governing":[31],"complete":[33],"trajectory":[34],"water":[38],"conservation\u2014from":[39],"\u201cprovision\u201d":[40],"\u201cretention\u201d\u2014but":[42],"also":[43],"providing":[45,251],"a":[46,145,218,229,306],"scientific":[47,252],"foundation":[48],"identify":[50],"benefit":[51],"transfer":[52],"pathways":[53],"optimize":[55],"watershed":[56,260],"management":[57],"strategies.":[58],"Focusing":[59],"on":[60,197],"Northern":[62],"Shaanxi":[63],"Loess":[64,264],"Plateau,":[65],"this":[66,301],"study":[67,109,242],"integrated":[68],"InVEST":[70],"model":[71,87],"with":[72,119,160,202],"D8":[74],"algorithm":[75],"simulate":[77],"spatial":[79,148],"distribution":[80],"SCSF,":[82,250],"applied":[84],"XGBoost\u2013SHAP":[86,279],"analyze":[89],"its":[90],"driving":[91,195,213],"factors":[92,196,205],"interaction":[94],"effects.":[95],"The":[96,129,164,191],"results":[97],"indicate":[98],"that:":[99],"(1)":[100],"Both":[101],"potential":[102],"actual":[104],"erosion":[106,120],"in":[107,238,262,300],"area":[110],"showed":[111,199],"an":[112,183,207],"upward":[113],"trend":[114],"from":[115,123,168,175],"2000":[116],"2020,":[118],"intensity":[121],"transitioning":[122],"slight":[124],"light":[126],"classifications.":[127],"(2)":[128],"total":[130],"capacity":[134],"fluctuated":[135],"between":[136],"523":[137],"992":[139],"million":[140],"tons":[141],"(Mt),":[142],"characterized":[143,181],"by":[144,182],"\u201clow-northwest,":[146],"high-southeast\u201d":[147],"distribution,":[149],"whereas":[150],"retention":[155],"rate":[156],"remained":[157],"spatially":[158],"stable":[159],"marginal":[161],"growth.":[162],"(3)":[163],"SCSF":[165,198,298],"volume":[166],"ranged":[167],"67":[169],"127":[171],"Mt.,":[172],"generally":[173,230],"converging":[174],"northwest":[177],"southeast,":[180],"\u201cEast-West":[184],"dominance":[185],"small-watershed":[187],"aggregation\u201d":[188],"pattern.":[189,309],"(4)":[190],"impacts":[192],"different":[194],"significant":[200,234],"differentiation,":[201],"natural":[203],"geographical":[204],"playing":[206],"absolutely":[208],"dominant":[209],"role.":[210],"Specifically,":[211],"effect":[214],"slope":[216],"demonstrates":[217],"typical":[219],"inverted":[220],"\u201cU\u201d-shaped":[221],"non-linear":[222,281],"threshold":[223],"characteristic,":[224],"while":[225],"precipitation,":[226],"despite":[227],"showing":[228],"positive":[231],"correlation,":[232],"exhibits":[233],"interactive":[235],"differentiation":[236],"effects":[237],"high-rainfall":[239],"areas.":[240],"This":[241],"clarifies":[243],"direction,":[245],"volume,":[246],"drivers":[248,282,296],"evidence":[253],"support":[255],"protection":[257],"comprehensive":[259],"governance":[261],"Plateau.":[265],"\u2022":[266,278,288,303],"quantified":[268],"Soil":[269],"Conservation":[270],"Service":[271],"Flows":[272,304],"using":[274],"coupled":[275],"InVEST-D8":[276],"models.":[277],"identified":[280],"thresholds":[284],"ecological":[286],"management.":[287],"Slope":[289],"precipitation":[291],"were":[292],"most":[294],"influential":[295],"dynamics":[299],"region.":[302],"exhibit":[305],"\u201cnorthwest-to-southeast":[307],"convergence\u201d":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T06:05:50.897203","created_date":"2026-05-13T00:00:00"}