{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153606089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768","title":"Potential of Sentinel-2 time series in capturing boreal forest structural diversity","display_name":"Potential of Sentinel-2 time series in capturing boreal forest structural diversity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153606089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133102651","display_name":"Audrey Mercier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Audrey Mercier","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133407929","display_name":"Joel Kostensalo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017910207","display_name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/02hb7bm88","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207","https://openalex.org/I4210153464"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Kostensalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133398387","display_name":"Mari Myllym\u00e4ki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017910207","display_name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/02hb7bm88","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207","https://openalex.org/I4210153464"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mari Myllym\u00e4ki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079472711","display_name":"Miina Rautiainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-3258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miina Rautiainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079472711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"apc_list":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"apc_paid":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3855503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"95","issue":null,"first_page":"103768","last_page":"103768"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11594","display_name":"Tree-ring climate responses","score":0.18729999661445618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11594","display_name":"Tree-ring climate responses","score":0.18729999661445618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13377","display_name":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","score":0.10750000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.07699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taiga","display_name":"Taiga","score":0.7042999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.6226999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boreal","display_name":"Boreal","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-diversity","display_name":"Species diversity","score":0.3564999997615814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87621631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69564","display_name":"Taiga","level":2,"score":0.7042999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6226999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5151000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5037000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100537666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q893477","display_name":"Boreal","level":2,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62648534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706937","display_name":"Species diversity","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983469836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421","display_name":"Forest structure","level":3,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25147867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36039","display_name":"Beta diversity","level":3,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73935091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2249329","display_name":"Forest ecology","level":3,"score":0.2628999948501587}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/144161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/68c68e40-a1ef-4c1d-9406-ab8d7ef14109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5114537477493286,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G323800960","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence for Twinning the Diversity, Productivity and Spectral Signature of Forests","funder_award_id":"348154","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G456376733","display_name":"Forest-Human-Machine Interplay - Building Resilience, Redefining Value Networks and Enabling Meaningful Experiences","funder_award_id":"357909","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6323710127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"361209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335062","funder_display_name":"Biotieteiden ja Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n Tutkimuksen Toimikunta"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G840217630","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence for Twinning the Diversity, Productivity and Spectral Signature of Forests","funder_award_id":"348152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335062","display_name":"Biotieteiden ja Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1819217904","https://openalex.org/W1967687438","https://openalex.org/W1974328142","https://openalex.org/W1978915895","https://openalex.org/W1994423855","https://openalex.org/W2000102737","https://openalex.org/W2006962042","https://openalex.org/W2011892677","https://openalex.org/W2021675300","https://openalex.org/W2025097322","https://openalex.org/W2035569381","https://openalex.org/W2044411167","https://openalex.org/W2065908302","https://openalex.org/W2076684180","https://openalex.org/W2091688953","https://openalex.org/W2100584622","https://openalex.org/W2101397466","https://openalex.org/W2114456168","https://openalex.org/W2120367136","https://openalex.org/W2139427406","https://openalex.org/W2182526330","https://openalex.org/W2479225685","https://openalex.org/W2512195475","https://openalex.org/W2607857269","https://openalex.org/W2815001433","https://openalex.org/W2936101281","https://openalex.org/W3024046348","https://openalex.org/W3037062349","https://openalex.org/W3206165964","https://openalex.org/W4223930765","https://openalex.org/W4318815244","https://openalex.org/W4319829807","https://openalex.org/W4363648147","https://openalex.org/W4380882465","https://openalex.org/W4381712796","https://openalex.org/W4382725563","https://openalex.org/W4386457536","https://openalex.org/W4386471799","https://openalex.org/W4388793414","https://openalex.org/W4404075770","https://openalex.org/W7118192809","https://openalex.org/W7134238528"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forest":[0,92],"structural":[1,17,25,41,62,84,93,128,132,238],"diversity":[2,42,63,85,129,149,239],"plays":[3],"a":[4,89,174,219,227],"key":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,43,109,123,190,258],"forest":[8,16,24,61,83,127,136,152,237,259],"ecosystem":[9],"functions.":[10],"Capturing":[11],"the":[12,21,28,40,57,73,114,126,148,151,155,166,201,233],"temporal":[13,188],"dynamics":[14,67,116,157,257],"of":[15,23,30,75,117,141,150,158,192,210,222,235],"variables":[18,94,133],"could":[19],"improve":[20,232],"characterization":[22,234],"diversity.":[26],"However,":[27],"potential":[29,74],"seasonal":[31,115,156,254],"time":[32,77,220,243],"series":[33,78,221,244],"from":[34,97,105,162],"optical":[35,241],"satellite":[36,242],"data":[37,79,100,161],"to":[38,87,125],"predict":[39],"boreal":[44,60,82,163,236],"forests":[45,164],"remains":[46],"underexplored.":[47],"This":[48],"study":[49,107],"addresses":[50],"two":[51,106],"research":[52,248],"questions:":[53],"1)":[54],"What":[55,71],"is":[56,72],"connection":[58],"between":[59],"and":[64,101,120,130,215,245,255],"its":[65],"spectral":[66,194],"across":[68],"seasons?":[69],"2)":[70],"Sentinel-2":[76,118,142,159,223],"for":[80,200,252],"predicting":[81],"compared":[86],"using":[88,134,218],"single":[90,228],"image?":[91],"were":[95],"derived":[96],"airborne":[98],"LiDAR":[99],"individual":[102],"tree":[103],"maps":[104],"areas":[108],"southern":[110],"Finland.":[111],"We":[112],"analyzed":[113],"reflectance":[119,160],"vegetation":[121],"indices":[122],"relation":[124],"predicted":[131],"random":[135],"models":[137],"with":[138,170],"varying":[139],"numbers":[140],"image":[143],"dates.":[144],"Results":[145],"show":[146,186],"that":[147],"structure":[153],"affects":[154],"during":[165],"spring-summer":[167],"period.":[168],"Stands":[169],"sparser":[171],"canopy":[172,177,203],"cover,":[173],"lower":[175],"mean":[176,202],"height,":[178,204],"higher":[179,183],"stem":[180,216],"density":[181,217],"or":[182],"Shannon":[184,213],"index":[185],"greater":[187],"variability":[189],"terms":[191],"their":[193,250],"properties.":[195],"The":[196],"prediction":[197],"accuracy":[198],"improved":[199],"first":[205],"echo":[206],"cover":[207],"index,":[208,214],"volume":[209],"broadleaved":[211],"trees,":[212],"images":[224],"rather":[225],"than":[226],"image.":[229],"These":[230],"findings":[231],"through":[240],"encourage":[246],"further":[247],"into":[249],"application":[251],"monitoring":[253],"inter-annual":[256],"ecosystems.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2026-04-12T00:00:00"}