{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7150778639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755","title":"Machine learning reveals eutrophication mechanisms and governing thresholds in an engineered throughflow lake","display_name":"Machine learning reveals eutrophication mechanisms and governing thresholds in an engineered throughflow lake","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7150778639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108290029","display_name":"Song Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156332","display_name":"Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8xvx87","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China","National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650085","display_name":"Qi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6781-770X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133027090","display_name":"Yan Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156332","display_name":"Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8xvx87","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133007358","display_name":"Xiaomei Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156332","display_name":"Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8xvx87","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133027090"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156332"],"apc_list":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"apc_paid":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89959769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"95","issue":null,"first_page":"103755","last_page":"103755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10236","display_name":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics","score":0.843999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10236","display_name":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics","score":0.843999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11311","display_name":"Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics","score":0.02449999935925007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eutrophication","display_name":"Eutrophication","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughflow","display_name":"Throughflow","score":0.9031000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality","display_name":"Water quality","score":0.5149000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algal-bloom","display_name":"Algal bloom","score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dpsir","display_name":"DPSIR","score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesocosm","display_name":"Mesocosm","score":0.36980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186699998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156698","display_name":"Eutrophication","level":3,"score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778163776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7798496","display_name":"Throughflow","level":2,"score":0.9031000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.5149000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120305227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326139","display_name":"Algal bloom","level":4,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778934450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154930","display_name":"DPSIR","level":2,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180553826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3333382","display_name":"Mesocosm","level":3,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510538283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674","display_name":"Phosphorus","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2816523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184","display_name":"Sediment","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72958200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053008","display_name":"Trophic level","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105859001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932011","display_name":"Hypolimnion","level":4,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7395153641700745,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65738273","https://openalex.org/W1971285895","https://openalex.org/W2158743182","https://openalex.org/W2171961624","https://openalex.org/W2491382239","https://openalex.org/W2607035032","https://openalex.org/W2800999475","https://openalex.org/W2943246516","https://openalex.org/W2969525622","https://openalex.org/W2982625979","https://openalex.org/W2983451643","https://openalex.org/W2990507542","https://openalex.org/W2997051704","https://openalex.org/W2999069785","https://openalex.org/W3001710857","https://openalex.org/W3016022597","https://openalex.org/W3024257532","https://openalex.org/W3045466036","https://openalex.org/W3047547155","https://openalex.org/W3092109531","https://openalex.org/W3115893967","https://openalex.org/W3163270285","https://openalex.org/W3177823658","https://openalex.org/W4206995964","https://openalex.org/W4224862254","https://openalex.org/W4281994373","https://openalex.org/W4286489538","https://openalex.org/W4288045551","https://openalex.org/W4293490296","https://openalex.org/W4296035328","https://openalex.org/W4310011678","https://openalex.org/W4315782561","https://openalex.org/W4319601906","https://openalex.org/W4321371052","https://openalex.org/W4362471594","https://openalex.org/W4362671473","https://openalex.org/W4379741309","https://openalex.org/W4382809832","https://openalex.org/W4387993795","https://openalex.org/W4389360586","https://openalex.org/W4390479143","https://openalex.org/W4390646581","https://openalex.org/W4390859598","https://openalex.org/W4395085070","https://openalex.org/W4399771051","https://openalex.org/W4400026476","https://openalex.org/W4400406473","https://openalex.org/W4401895663","https://openalex.org/W4402388994","https://openalex.org/W4402544389","https://openalex.org/W4405713792","https://openalex.org/W4406060153","https://openalex.org/W4406474170","https://openalex.org/W4409574575","https://openalex.org/W4409625184","https://openalex.org/W4409728770","https://openalex.org/W4412026663","https://openalex.org/W4413858281","https://openalex.org/W7122818008","https://openalex.org/W7125384291"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Engineered":[0],"throughflow":[1,241],"lakes":[2],"serve":[3],"as":[4,46],"critical":[5],"nodes":[6],"in":[7,20,62],"inter-basin":[8],"water-transfer":[9],"megaprojects;":[10],"however,":[11],"accelerating":[12],"eutrophication":[13,21,87,105,132],"increasingly":[14],"threatens":[15],"water-conveyance":[16],"security.":[17],"Persistent":[18],"uncertainties":[19],"mechanisms":[22,85],"under":[23,156],"coupled":[24],"anthropogenic":[25],"pressures":[26],"and":[27,35,78,88,128,176,187,233,245],"hydrological":[28,159],"variability":[29],"further":[30],"compromise":[31],"downstream":[32],"water":[33,39],"quality":[34],"the":[36,47,52,56,84,144,157,194,214],"reliability":[37],"of":[38,51,55,142,181,203],"supply.":[40],"Luoma":[41],"Lake":[42],"exemplifies":[43],"this":[44,81],"challenge":[45],"terminal":[48],"receiving":[49],"lake":[50,100,250],"Eastern":[53],"Route":[54],"South-to-North":[57],"Water":[58],"Diversion":[59],"Project":[60],"(SNWDP)":[61],"Jiangsu":[63],"Province.":[64],"By":[65],"integrating":[66],"machine":[67],"learning":[68],"methods,":[69],"including":[70],"self-organizing":[71],"maps":[72],"(SOM),":[73],"generalized":[74],"additive":[75],"models":[76],"(GAM),":[77],"change-point":[79],"analysis,":[80],"study":[82],"elucidates":[83],"driving":[86],"derives":[89],"spatially":[90,234],"adaptive":[91],"control":[92,180,278],"thresholds":[93,163,238,265,275],"from":[94,151],"a":[95,139,152,189,191],"2-year":[96],"observational":[97],"dataset.":[98],"The":[99],"exhibited":[101],"moderate":[102],"to":[103,207,224,269],"mild":[104],"with":[106,110],"pronounced":[107],"spatial":[108],"autocorrelation,":[109],"SOM":[111,253],"delineating":[112],"four":[113],"hydro-biogeochemical":[114,169],"zones.":[115,170],"Nonlinear":[116],"interactions":[117],"among":[118],"exogenous":[119],"nutrient":[120,210],"loading,":[121],"sediment":[122],"phosphorus":[123,205],"feedback,":[124],"algal":[125],"metabolic":[126],"cascades,":[127],"flow-mediated":[129],"perturbations":[130],"drove":[131],"dynamics.":[133],"Critical":[134],"whole-lake":[135],"thresholds,":[136],"defined":[137],"at":[138],"90%":[140],"probability":[141],"exceeding":[143],"trophic":[145],"level":[146],"index":[147,183],"(TLI),":[148],"were":[149],"derived":[150],"two-year":[153],"post-SNWDP":[154],"dataset":[155],"prevailing":[158],"regime.":[160],"Spatially":[161,273],"explicit":[162,274],"expose":[164],"divergent":[165],"regulatory":[166],"requirements":[167],"across":[168],"External":[171],"loading":[172],"zones":[173,257],"(Clusters":[174],"1":[175],"4)":[177],"require":[178],"prioritized":[179],"permanganate":[182],"(COD":[184],"Mn":[185],")":[186],"chlorophyll-":[188],"(Chl":[190],"),":[192],"whereas":[193],"hydraulic":[195],"stagnation":[196],"zone":[197,217],"(Cluster":[198,218],"3)":[199],"necessitates":[200],"stringent":[201],"regulation":[202],"total":[204],"(TP)":[206],"suppress":[208],"internal":[209],"recycling.":[211],"In":[212],"contrast,":[213],"hydrodynamically":[215],"disturbed":[216],"2)":[219],"requires":[220],"targeted":[221,277],"hydrodynamic":[222],"monitoring":[223],"pre-empt":[225],"bloom":[226],"development.":[227],"These":[228],"findings":[229],"provide":[230],"mechanistic":[231],"insights":[232],"explicit,":[235],"quantitative-derived":[236],"management":[237],"for":[239],"engineered":[240],"lakes.":[242],"\u2022":[243,252,261,272],"Hydrodynamic":[244],"pollutant":[246],"transport":[247],"complex":[248],"drive":[249],"eutrophication.":[251],"identifies":[254],"coherent":[255],"water-quality":[256],"along":[258],"inflow\u2013outflow":[259],"corridors.":[260],"GAM":[262],"quantifies":[263],"nonlinear":[264],"linking":[266],"key":[267],"drivers":[268],"TLI":[270],"responses.":[271],"enable":[276],"beyond":[279],"lake-wide":[280],"averages.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T06:08:40.794217","created_date":"2026-04-07T00:00:00"}