{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127574013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643","title":"Optical imaging and machine learning to identify and enumerate early developmental stages of fish species","display_name":"Optical imaging and machine learning to identify and enumerate early developmental stages of fish species","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127574013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103250855","display_name":"M. J. Bowman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1637-9065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157394403","display_name":"Baylor University","ror":"https://ror.org/005781934","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Micah N. Bowman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, 905 S. University Parks Dr, Waco, TX 76706, USA","Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 905 S. University Parks Dr, Waco, TX 76706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, 905 S. University Parks Dr, Waco, TX 76706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 905 S. University Parks Dr, Waco, TX 76706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ryan A. McManamay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157394403","display_name":"Baylor University","ror":"https://ror.org/005781934","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan A. McManamay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, 905 S. University Parks Dr, Waco, TX 76706, USA","Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 905 S. University Parks Dr, Waco, TX 76706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, 905 S. University Parks Dr, Waco, TX 76706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 905 S. University Parks Dr, Waco, TX 76706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085268288","display_name":"Kurt Kramer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Kramer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125232099","display_name":"William Arnold","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048510633","display_name":"Milton Lee Dean","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milton Dean","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057643684","display_name":"David I. Prangnell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2836-2447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341194114","display_name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5k3s39","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341194114"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Prangnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Parks and Wildlife, A.E. Wood State Fish Hatchery, 507 Staples Rd., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Parks and Wildlife, A.E. Wood State Fish Hatchery, 507 Staples Rd., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341194114"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009288659","display_name":"Michael D. Matthews","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341194114","display_name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5k3s39","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341194114"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Parks and Wildlife, A.E. Wood State Fish Hatchery, 507 Staples Rd., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Parks and Wildlife, A.E. Wood State Fish Hatchery, 507 Staples Rd., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341194114"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103250855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"],"apc_list":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"apc_paid":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"fwci":13.3922,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97221182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":null,"first_page":"103643","last_page":"103643"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.633400022983551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.633400022983551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10506","display_name":"Aquaculture disease management and microbiota","score":0.03449999913573265,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10302","display_name":"Fish Ecology and Management Studies","score":0.027799999341368675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catfish","display_name":"Catfish","score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ichthyoplankton","display_name":"Ichthyoplankton","score":0.6306999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.585099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ictaluridae","display_name":"Ictaluridae","score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/larva","display_name":"Larva","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-larvae","display_name":"Fish larvae","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-actinopterygii","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4587000012397766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778189562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59576","display_name":"Catfish","level":3,"score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5986436","display_name":"Ichthyoplankton","level":3,"score":0.6306999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.585099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779715253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578666","display_name":"Ictaluridae","level":5,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4927000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173758957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129270","display_name":"Larva","level":2,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992578924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5986436","display_name":"Fish larvae","level":3,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777182073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224135","display_name":"Bass (fish)","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158278297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756633","display_name":"Aquatic animal","level":3,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116003164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5454658","display_name":"Fish physiology","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146838864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283970","display_name":"Diversity of fish","level":3,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92630104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115103","display_name":"Optical imaging","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11702d1d8bdb414ead7947637ad83c3c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11702d1d8bdb414ead7947637ad83c3c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics, Vol 94, Iss , Pp 103643- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7752412485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0020881","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332360","display_name":"Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/02xznz413"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037657860","https://openalex.org/W2062758654","https://openalex.org/W2077010468","https://openalex.org/W2098534604","https://openalex.org/W2154282178","https://openalex.org/W2179145304","https://openalex.org/W2472966032","https://openalex.org/W2769210209","https://openalex.org/W2885132606","https://openalex.org/W2910317847","https://openalex.org/W2952113774","https://openalex.org/W2993308207","https://openalex.org/W3010911662","https://openalex.org/W3015430661","https://openalex.org/W3033387047","https://openalex.org/W3042182083","https://openalex.org/W3089158715","https://openalex.org/W3108240728","https://openalex.org/W3118362352","https://openalex.org/W3120812961","https://openalex.org/W3217175436","https://openalex.org/W4205787885","https://openalex.org/W4214577429","https://openalex.org/W4221007906","https://openalex.org/W4289711184","https://openalex.org/W4292707965","https://openalex.org/W4309287296","https://openalex.org/W4309884260","https://openalex.org/W4311328973","https://openalex.org/W4321600304","https://openalex.org/W4322503658","https://openalex.org/W4327711003","https://openalex.org/W4382918444","https://openalex.org/W4386601203","https://openalex.org/W4390064429","https://openalex.org/W4391406993","https://openalex.org/W4391482324","https://openalex.org/W4391815309","https://openalex.org/W4392504771","https://openalex.org/W4393361501","https://openalex.org/W4394789373","https://openalex.org/W4395664157","https://openalex.org/W4396233941","https://openalex.org/W4401671293","https://openalex.org/W4402247358","https://openalex.org/W4405781749","https://openalex.org/W4412903726"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Larval":[0],"fish":[1,35,55,98,195,205,254],"are":[2,12,36],"a":[3,219],"key":[4],"component":[5],"for":[6,34,56,122,152],"biomonitoring":[7],"aquatic":[8],"system":[9,71],"health":[10],"but":[11],"notoriously":[13],"difficult":[14],"to":[15,38,49,120,140,142,148,161,164,166,201,214,251],"identify.":[16],"While":[17],"recent":[18],"advances":[19],"in":[20,29,58,288],"optical":[21,69,188],"imaging":[22,70,189,247],"and":[23,52,61,72,82,89,107,113,124,133,145,207,218,233,241,248,255],"artificial":[24],"intelligence":[25],"(AI)":[26],"have":[27],"assisted":[28],"identifying":[30],"organisms,":[31],"most":[32],"applications":[33],"limited":[37],"adults,":[39],"not":[40],"juveniles.":[41],"Here,":[42],"we":[43,66],"evaluate":[44],"the":[45,175],"capabilities":[46],"of":[47,96,177,290],"AI":[48],"automatically":[50],"identify":[51,252],"enumerate":[53],"larval":[54,94,194,204,253],"use":[57],"taxonomic":[59,231],"identification":[60],"aquaculture.":[62],"To":[63],"accomplish":[64],"this,":[65],"used":[67],"an":[68],"trained":[73],"machine":[74,249],"learning":[75,250],"(ML)":[76],"models,":[77],"support":[78,263],"vector":[79,264],"machines":[80],"(SVM)":[81],"convolutional":[83],"neural":[84,259],"networks":[85,260],"(CNN),":[86],"on":[87],"eggs":[88],"at":[90],"least":[91],"two":[92],"early":[93],"stages":[95,151,209],"three":[97],"species,":[99],"channel":[100],"catfish":[101],"(CCF),":[102],"Florida":[103],"largemouth":[104],"bass":[105],"(FLLMB),":[106],"koi.":[108],"When":[109],"considering":[110],"all":[111],"species":[112,154,206],"life":[114,150,208],"stages,":[115],"accuracies":[116,137,157],"ranged":[117],"from":[118,159,196,212,292],"0.34":[119],"0.65":[121],"SVM":[123],"CNNs,":[125],"respectively;":[126],"however,":[127],"when":[128],"non-target":[129,197],"items":[130],"(i.e.,":[131],"bubbles":[132],"detritus)":[134],"were":[135],"included,":[136],"dramatically":[138],"increased":[139],"0.92":[141],"0.94":[143],"(SVM":[144],"CNN).":[146],"Experiments":[147],"differentiate":[149,193,202],"each":[153],"individually":[155],"showed":[156],"ranging":[158],"0.53":[160],"0.74,":[162],"increasing":[163],"0.88":[165],"0.97":[167],"with":[168,271],"non-targets.":[169,293],"Generally,":[170],"CNNs":[171],"outperformed":[172,262],"SVMs,":[173],"whereas":[174],"number":[176],"predicted":[178],"classes":[179],"reduced":[180],"accuracy.":[181,283],"Our":[182],"results":[183],"suggest":[184],"that":[185],"while":[186],"current":[187],"technologies":[190],"can":[191],"successfully":[192],"items,":[198],"their":[199],"ability":[200],"amongst":[203],"would":[210],"benefit":[211],"improvement":[213],"optics,":[215],"ML":[216],"algorithms,":[217],"more":[220],"extensive":[221],"training":[222,279],"library.":[223],"This":[224],"work":[225],"also":[226],"suggests":[227],"tradeoffs":[228],"exist":[229],"between":[230,237],"accuracy":[232,286],"sample":[234],"volume":[235],"processing":[236],"small-volume,":[238],"desktop":[239],"systems":[240],"high-throughput,":[242],"field-scale":[243],"systems.":[244],"\u2022":[245,257,266,276,284],"Optical":[246],"eggs.":[256],"Convolutional":[258],"generally":[261],"machine.":[265],"Accuracy":[267],"could":[268,281],"be":[269],"improved":[270],"better":[272],"object":[273],"detection":[274],"software.":[275],"Larger":[277],"image":[278],"libraries":[280],"improve":[282],"High":[285],"(>97%)":[287],"separation":[289],"targets":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
