{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148623048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124","title":"UHD video encoding on a server CPU with an integrated media transcode accelerator: A measurement-based rate-distortion and throughput study","display_name":"UHD video encoding on a server CPU with an integrated media transcode accelerator: A measurement-based rate-distortion and throughput study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148623048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64117906","display_name":"Digital Signal Processing","issn_l":"1051-2004","issn":["1051-2004","1095-4333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061131526","display_name":"Haoran Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4763-1363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoran Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0461-2273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132755663","display_name":"Chao Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120847389","display_name":"Wangzi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangzi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116460447","display_name":"Guanlin Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanlin Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132817959","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132783561","display_name":"Songqiao Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songqiao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Corporation Limited Research Institute, China Telecom Information Science & Technology Innovation Park, Southern Zone of Future Science Park, Beiqijia Town, Changping District, Beijing China, Beijing, Beijing, 102209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132745145","display_name":"Yichao Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177955009","display_name":"China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/00e49gy82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177955009"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yichao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Discipline Inspection and Supervision, China University of Political Science and Law, No. 25 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing China, Beijing, 100088, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8949-3660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Discipline Inspection and Supervision, China University of Political Science and Law, No. 25 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing China, Beijing, 100088, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177955009"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132745145"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177955009"],"apc_list":{"value":2480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2480},"apc_paid":{"value":2480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2480},"fwci":7.6185,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96531342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"177","issue":null,"first_page":"106124","last_page":"106124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.49320000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.49320000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.14169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.13349999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6948000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcoding","display_name":"Transcoding","score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.28110000491142273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8102999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6948000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134535813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888734","display_name":"Transcoding","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778399435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538556","display_name":"Video server","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986160907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220499","display_name":"Video streaming","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64117906","display_name":"Digital Signal Processing","issn_l":"1051-2004","issn":["1051-2004","1095-4333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64117906","display_name":"Digital Signal Processing","issn_l":"1051-2004","issn":["1051-2004","1095-4333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.41136330366134644,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982063824","https://openalex.org/W2009248111","https://openalex.org/W2086527768","https://openalex.org/W2140199336","https://openalex.org/W2793320545","https://openalex.org/W2808982453","https://openalex.org/W2809653649","https://openalex.org/W4400034290","https://openalex.org/W4408709634"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"media":[1,21,56],"transcode":[2,22],"accelerators":[3],"have":[4],"recently":[5],"moved":[6],"onto":[7],"server-class":[8],"CPUs":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11,61,200],"Intel\u2019s":[12,144],"Xeon":[13,59],"6":[14,60],"system-on-chip":[15],"(SoC),":[16],"which":[17],"integrates":[18],"a":[19,62,99,163,183,205],"dedicated":[20],"engine":[23,57],"on":[24,34,38,42,53,75],"die":[25],"for":[26,88,210,242],"data-center":[27],"video":[28,51],"workloads;":[29],"earlier":[30],"server":[31],"deployments":[32],"relied":[33],"software-only":[35],"FFmpeg":[36,67],"encoding":[37,52,216],"CPU":[39,76],"cores":[40,77],"or":[41],"discrete":[43],"GPU/VPU":[44],"devices.":[45],"We":[46,127],"characterize":[47],"4K":[48,96,234],"ultra-high-definition":[49],"(3840\u00d72160)":[50],"this":[54],"CPU-integrated":[55],"using":[58],"case":[63],"study.":[64],"A":[65],"unified":[66],"workflow":[68],"compares":[69],"software":[70,202],"encoders":[71],"(libx264,":[72],"libx265,":[73],"libaom-av1)":[74],"with":[78,176,204],"Video":[79,122],"Acceleration":[80],"API":[81],"(VAAPI)":[82],"offload":[83],"to":[84,151],"the":[85,94,166,180,196,201,231],"on-die":[86],"accelerator":[87,168],"H.264/AVC,":[89],"H.265/HEVC,":[90],"and":[91,98,107,121,156,172,187,212,220,244],"AV1.":[92],"Using":[93],"UVG":[95],"dataset":[97],"shared":[100],"bitrate":[101,185,207],"ladder,":[102],"we":[103],"derive":[104],"rate-distortion":[105],"curves":[106],"compute":[108],"Bj\u00f8ntegaard-Delta":[109],"rate":[110],"(BD-Rate)":[111],"from":[112],"peak":[113],"signal-to-noise":[114],"ratio":[115],"(PSNR),":[116],"multi-scale":[117],"structural":[118],"similarity":[119],"(MS-SSIM),":[120],"Multi-Method":[123],"Assessment":[124],"Fusion":[125],"(VMAF).":[126],"also":[128],"measure":[129],"per-stream":[130,198],"latency,":[131],"multi-stream":[132,139],"throughput":[133,157,174],"under":[134],"high":[135],"concurrency,":[136],"and,":[137],"in":[138],"experiments,":[140],"package-level":[141],"power":[142],"via":[143],"Running":[145],"Average":[146],"Power":[147],"Limit":[148],"(RAPL)":[149],"interface":[150],"obtain":[152],"energy":[153],"per":[154,158,240],"frame":[155],"Watt.":[159],"The":[160],"results":[161],"show":[162],"consistent":[164],"trade-off:":[165],"integrated":[167],"substantially":[169],"reduces":[170],"latency":[171,199],"increases":[173],"compared":[175],"CPU-only":[177],"encoding,":[178],"at":[179],"cost":[181],"of":[182,226,233],"moderate":[184,188],"increase":[186],"PSNR/MS-SSIM/VMAF":[189],"loss.":[190],"For":[191],"AVC,":[192],"it":[193,214],"achieves":[194],"nearly":[195],"same":[197],"encoder":[203],"small":[206],"increase,":[208],"whereas":[209],"HEVC":[211],"AV1":[213],"shortens":[215],"time":[217],"by":[218,221],"several-fold":[219],"more":[222],"than":[223],"an":[224],"order":[225],"magnitude,":[227],"respectively,":[228],"significantly":[229],"increasing":[230],"number":[232],"channels":[235],"that":[236],"can":[237],"be":[238],"supported":[239],"socket":[241],"throughput-":[243],"energy-oriented":[245],"UHD":[246],"services.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2026-04-03T00:00:00"}
