{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151958475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","title":"Predicting the types of file fragments","display_name":"Predicting the types of file fragments","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151958475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","mag":"2151958475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67081940","display_name":"Digital Investigation","issn_l":"1742-2876","issn":["1742-2876","1873-202X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Investigation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040402789","display_name":"William C. Calhoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1139-3447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190816365","display_name":"Bloomsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/007dga614","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190816365"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William C. Calhoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190816365","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083786090","display_name":"Drue Coles","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190816365","display_name":"Bloomsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/007dga614","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190816365"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Drue Coles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190816365","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083786090"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190816365","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7362,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98241042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"S14","last_page":"S20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8597227931022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directory","display_name":"Directory","score":0.7463885545730591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/file-system-fragmentation","display_name":"File system fragmentation","score":0.6798275113105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragment","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","score":0.5827106833457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-file","display_name":"Computer file","score":0.5710785388946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/file-format","display_name":"File format","score":0.5612690448760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unix-file-types","display_name":"Unix file types","score":0.5087869763374329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/header","display_name":"Header","score":0.4829694330692291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.40135735273361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.39327874779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.31630057096481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-file","display_name":"Device file","score":0.17396539449691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stub-file","display_name":"Stub file","score":0.14795613288879395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8597227931022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777683733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201456","display_name":"Directory","level":2,"score":0.7463885545730591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26656859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4089244","display_name":"File system fragmentation","level":4,"score":0.6798275113105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18392052","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","level":2,"score":0.5827106833457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95637964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82753","display_name":"Computer file","level":2,"score":0.5710785388946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97250363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235557","display_name":"File format","level":2,"score":0.5612690448760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21729314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7896858","display_name":"Unix file types","level":4,"score":0.5087869763374329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48105269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141160","display_name":"Header","level":2,"score":0.4829694330692291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.40135735273361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.39327874779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31630057096481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193769178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14679","display_name":"Device file","level":3,"score":0.17396539449691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13674803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627301","display_name":"Stub file","level":3,"score":0.14795613288879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67081940","display_name":"Digital Investigation","issn_l":"1742-2876","issn":["1742-2876","1873-202X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Investigation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67081940","display_name":"Digital Investigation","issn_l":"1742-2876","issn":["1742-2876","1873-202X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Investigation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73629738","https://openalex.org/W116673063","https://openalex.org/W139030970","https://openalex.org/W615175138","https://openalex.org/W1530955034","https://openalex.org/W1603441233","https://openalex.org/W1971920613","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2019298113","https://openalex.org/W2040176884","https://openalex.org/W2041404167","https://openalex.org/W2050190531","https://openalex.org/W2071484336","https://openalex.org/W2081747167","https://openalex.org/W2097571405","https://openalex.org/W2116773818","https://openalex.org/W2126985156","https://openalex.org/W2132022533","https://openalex.org/W2137833784","https://openalex.org/W2610602442","https://openalex.org/W2752885492","https://openalex.org/W2911788310","https://openalex.org/W2913274674","https://openalex.org/W3183881215","https://openalex.org/W6605710230","https://openalex.org/W6635922745","https://openalex.org/W6663025668","https://openalex.org/W6668072134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2600623072","https://openalex.org/W1990666357","https://openalex.org/W2023412278","https://openalex.org/W2375081845","https://openalex.org/W2118662154","https://openalex.org/W10116761","https://openalex.org/W2319908218","https://openalex.org/W1825667316","https://openalex.org/W2510089675","https://openalex.org/W189142960"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"problem":[1,49],"that":[2,148,175],"arises":[3],"in":[4,27,42,139,164],"computer":[5],"forensics":[6],"is":[7,25,35,50,67,154],"to":[8,18,70,124,172,178],"determine":[9,71],"the":[10,19,23,28,37,40,43,54,57,72,78,89,101,109,119,122,141],"type":[11,24,73,90],"of":[12,74,80,91,108,114,121,128,133,144],"a":[13,33,75,81,92,126,179],"file":[14,20,34,41,130],"fragment.":[15],"An":[16],"extension":[17],"name":[21],"indicating":[22],"stored":[26],"disk":[29],"directory,":[30],"but":[31,65],"when":[32,53,151],"deleted,":[36],"entry":[38],"for":[39,87],"directory":[44,152],"may":[45,136,160],"be":[46,137,162],"overwritten.":[47],"This":[48],"easily":[51],"solved":[52],"fragment":[55,76,110],"includes":[56],"initial":[58],"header,":[59],"which":[60],"contains":[61],"explicit":[62],"type-identifying":[63],"information,":[64],"it":[66],"more":[68],"difficult":[69],"from":[77],"middle":[79],"file.":[82,181],"We":[83,117],"investigate":[84],"two":[85],"algorithms":[86,123],"predicting":[88],"fragment:":[93],"one":[94],"based":[95,103],"on":[96,104],"Fisher's":[97],"linear":[98],"discriminant":[99],"and":[100,169],"other":[102],"longest":[105],"common":[106,129],"subsequences":[107],"with":[111],"various":[112],"sets":[113],"test":[115,118],"files.":[116],"ability":[120],"predict":[125],"variety":[127],"types.":[131],"Algorithms":[132],"this":[134],"kind":[135],"useful":[138,163],"designing":[140,165],"next":[142],"generation":[143],"file-carvers":[145],"\u2013":[146],"programs":[147],"reconstruct":[149],"files":[150,174],"information":[153],"lost":[155],"or":[156],"deleted.":[157],"These":[158],"methods":[159],"also":[161],"virus":[166],"scanners,":[167],"firewalls":[168],"search":[170],"engines":[171],"find":[173],"are":[176],"similar":[177],"given":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
