{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160524658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996","title":"Advancing listening effort-based evaluation of speech enhancement systems","display_name":"Advancing listening effort-based evaluation of speech enhancement systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160524658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91252481","display_name":"Computer Speech & Language","issn_l":"0885-2308","issn":["0885-2308","1095-8363"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Speech &amp; Language","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134148632","display_name":"Iv\u00e1n L\u00f3pez-Espejo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iv\u00e1n L\u00f3pez-Espejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8634-7897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135597072","display_name":"Femke B. Gelderblom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1034-4427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Femke B. Gelderblom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Communication Technologies, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim 7034, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1034-4427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Communication Technologies, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim 7034, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135543057","display_name":"Tron V. Tronstad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3329-7109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tron V. Tronstad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Communication Technologies, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim 7034, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3329-7109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Communication Technologies, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim 7034, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135569927","display_name":"Christoffer Blomberg Skiaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoffer Blomberg Skiaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim NO-7491, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim NO-7491, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042231269","display_name":"Naomi Harte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9274-209X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naomi Harte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9274-209X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134148632"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5952381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"101","issue":null,"first_page":"101996","last_page":"101996"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.6019999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.6019999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10283","display_name":"Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation","score":0.22280000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.013799999840557575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligibility","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","score":0.7196999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.29490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7832000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433889","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7196999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698936","display_name":"Temporal scales","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91252481","display_name":"Computer Speech & Language","issn_l":"0885-2308","issn":["0885-2308","1095-8363"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Speech &amp; Language","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/113305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481/113305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400567","display_name":"Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Granada","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2026.101996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91252481","display_name":"Computer Speech & Language","issn_l":"0885-2308","issn":["0885-2308","1095-8363"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Speech &amp; Language","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.789473831653595,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323834","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552314771","https://openalex.org/W1940455820","https://openalex.org/W2033846147","https://openalex.org/W2052623686","https://openalex.org/W2079002959","https://openalex.org/W2093346567","https://openalex.org/W2123181243","https://openalex.org/W2155158173","https://openalex.org/W2170401121","https://openalex.org/W2171920706","https://openalex.org/W2289394825","https://openalex.org/W2472770001","https://openalex.org/W2474293804","https://openalex.org/W2499404419","https://openalex.org/W2516001803","https://openalex.org/W2546087429","https://openalex.org/W2559809918","https://openalex.org/W2618340084","https://openalex.org/W2757633771","https://openalex.org/W2765693231","https://openalex.org/W2799977075","https://openalex.org/W2802458272","https://openalex.org/W2805059349","https://openalex.org/W2810425927","https://openalex.org/W2901212597","https://openalex.org/W2962866211","https://openalex.org/W2964058413","https://openalex.org/W2981446129","https://openalex.org/W3036440630","https://openalex.org/W3197042120","https://openalex.org/W4221149546","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4362536114","https://openalex.org/W4366607133","https://openalex.org/W4380434618","https://openalex.org/W4388145608","https://openalex.org/W4390604176","https://openalex.org/W4402111962","https://openalex.org/W4402115964","https://openalex.org/W4403127037","https://openalex.org/W4415433096"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"response":[3],"time":[4,39,97,101],"as":[5],"a":[6,29,70,157,187],"behavioral":[7,161,177],"indicator":[8],"related":[9],"to":[10,155],"listening":[11,189,205],"effort":[12,206,222],"(LE)":[13],"for":[14,58,79,110,163,204],"evaluating":[15],"speech":[16,48,196],"enhancement":[17,84,197],"(SE)":[18],"systems.":[19,198],"English":[20],"and":[21,50,66,78,82,98,159,183,212],"Norwegian":[22],"intelligibility":[23,49,131,143,167,182,240],"matrix":[24],"tests":[25],"were":[26,60],"conducted":[27],"within":[28,186],"single-task":[30],"paradigm":[31],"that":[32,119,134,179,216,228],"incorporated":[33],"click-time":[34],"recording":[35],"(logging":[36],"the":[37,148],"precise":[38],"of":[40,47,73,114,195,220],"all":[41],"participant":[42],"clicks),":[43],"enabling":[44,191],"simultaneous":[45],"estimation":[46],"LE-related":[51,123,151],"temporal":[52,55,124,136,201,229],"behavior.":[53],"Three":[54,200],"proxy":[56,202],"measures":[57,125,203,231],"LE":[59],"examined\u2014time":[61],"per":[62,87,208],"stimulus,":[63,209],"reaction":[64,96,210],"time,":[65,211],"word":[67,99,213],"click":[68,100,214],"time\u2014across":[69],"broad":[71],"range":[72],"input":[74],"signal-to-noise":[75,235],"ratios":[76,236],"(SNRs)":[77,237],"both":[80],"discriminative":[81],"generative":[83],"approaches.":[85],"Time":[86],"stimulus":[88],"showed":[89],"an":[90],"inverted-U":[91],"pattern":[92],"across":[93],"SNRs,":[94],"whereas":[95],"exhibited":[102],"monotonic":[103],"behavior,":[104],"providing":[105,242],"more":[106,140,192],"directly":[107],"interpretable":[108],"metrics":[109,137],"comparative":[111],"evaluation.":[112,225],"Analyses":[113],"pairwise":[115],"SNR":[116,172,247],"comparisons":[117],"revealed":[118],"increases":[120],"in":[121,144],"our":[122],"at":[126,233],"higher":[127,234],"SNRs":[128],"precede":[129],"measurable":[130],"declines,":[132,241],"suggesting":[133],"these":[135],"can":[138],"be":[139],"sensitive":[141],"than":[142],"this":[145],"regime.":[146],"Overall,":[147],"proposed":[149],"framework\u2014where":[150],"measurements":[152],"remain":[153],"unknown":[154],"participants\u2014offers":[156],"comprehensive":[158],"nuanced":[160],"tool":[162],"SE":[164],"evaluation,":[165],"complementing":[166],"particularly":[168],"under":[169,245],"realistic,":[170],"moderate-to-high":[171,246],"conditions.":[173,248],"\u2022":[174,199,226],"A":[175],"unified":[176],"framework":[178],"jointly":[180],"captures":[181],"listening-effort-related":[184],"information":[185],"single":[188],"task,":[190],"expressive":[193],"evaluation":[194],"(time":[207],"time)":[215],"capture":[217],"complementary":[218,243],"aspects":[219],"cognitive":[221],"during":[223],"system":[224],"Evidence":[227],"effort-related":[230],"increase":[232],"before":[238],"observable":[239],"insight":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2026-05-08T00:00:00"}
