{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415251061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003","title":"STAFF: Stateful Taint-Assisted Full-system Firmware Fuzzing","display_name":"STAFF: Stateful Taint-Assisted Full-system Firmware Fuzzing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415251061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092045634","display_name":"Alessio Izzillo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56441308","display_name":"Libera Universit\u00e0 Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli","ror":"https://ror.org/01q8b6q23","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56441308"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Izzillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["LUISS University, Italy","Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5502-5514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LUISS University, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56441308"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011222101","display_name":"Riccardo Lazzeretti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3835-9679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Lazzeretti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3835-9679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053939046","display_name":"Emilio Coppa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-871X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56441308","display_name":"Libera Universit\u00e0 Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli","ror":"https://ror.org/01q8b6q23","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56441308"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Coppa","raw_affiliation_strings":["LUISS University, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-871X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LUISS University, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56441308"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053939046"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56441308"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02450593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"170","issue":null,"first_page":"105003","last_page":"105003"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.960099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stateful-firewall","display_name":"Stateful firewall","score":0.7688000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.545199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firewall","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","score":0.3856000006198883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.960099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7742999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.7688000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.545199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.5223000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28180684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4080983","display_name":"Memory safety","level":3,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63116202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7676227","display_name":"Taint checking","level":3,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38601921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757693","display_name":"Protocol stack","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.18039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18039","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.18039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.18039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18039","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.18039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1769879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1769879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.18039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.18039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7065139968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"02.02.2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"embedded":[1],"Linux":[2],"devices,":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"routers,":[6],"IP":[7],"cameras,":[8],"and":[9,45,60,105,130,174,197,219],"IoT":[10],"gateways,":[11],"rely":[12],"on":[13,144,158],"complex":[14],"software":[15,41],"stacks":[16],"where":[17],"numerous":[18],"daemons":[19,59],"interact":[20],"to":[21,100,115,140,150],"provide":[22],"services.":[23],"Testing":[24],"these":[25,182],"devices":[26],"is":[27],"crucial":[28],"from":[29],"a":[30,70],"security":[31],"perspective":[32],"since":[33],"vendors":[34],"often":[35],"use":[36],"custom":[37],"closed-":[38],"or":[39],"open-source":[40],"without":[42],"documenting":[43],"releases":[44],"patches.":[46],"Recent":[47],"coverage-guided":[48],"fuzzing":[49,72,135,213],"solutions":[50,214],"primarily":[51],"test":[52],"individual":[53],"processes,":[54],"ignoring":[55],"deep":[56],"dependencies":[57],"between":[58],"their":[61],"persistent":[62],"internal":[63],"state.":[64],"This":[65],"article":[66],"presents":[67],"STAFF":[68,157,195,206],",":[69,92,109,136],"firmware":[71,80,99,169,176],"framework":[73],"for":[74,190],"discovering":[75],"bugs":[76],"in":[77,167,215],"Linux-based":[78,160],"MIPS":[79],"with":[81,97],"HTTP-managed":[82],"workflowsuilt":[83],"around":[84],"three":[85],"key":[86],"ideas:":[87],"(a)":[88],"user-driven":[89],"multi-request":[90],"recording":[91],"which":[93,110,137],"monitors":[94],"HTTPuser":[95],"interactions":[96],"emulated":[98],"capture":[101],"request":[102,141],"sequences;(b)":[103],"intra-":[104],"inter-process":[106],"dependency":[107],"detection":[108],"uses":[111],"whole-system":[112],"taint":[113],"analysis":[114],"track":[116],"how":[117],"input":[118],"bytes":[119],"influence":[120],"user-space":[121],"states,":[122],"including":[123],"CPU":[124],"registers,":[125],"memory":[126],"accesses,":[127],"IPC":[128],"channels,":[129],"filesystem":[131],"operations;(c)":[132],"protocol-aware":[133],"taint-guided":[134],"applies":[138],"mutations":[139],"sequences":[142],"based":[143],"identified":[145],"dependencies,":[146],"exploiting":[147],"multi-staged":[148],"forkservers":[149],"efficiently":[151],"checkpoint":[152],"protocol":[153],"states.":[154],"When":[155],"evaluating":[156],"15":[159],"MIPSirmware":[161],"targets,":[162],"it":[163],"identifies":[164],"42":[165],"crashes":[166,183,223],"9":[168],"imagesnvolving":[170],"multiple":[171],"network":[172],"requests":[173],"different":[175],"daemons.":[177],"Through":[178],"systematic":[179],"crash":[180],"triage,":[181],"consolidate":[184],"into":[185],"20":[186],"previously":[187,199],"unknownugs":[188],"submitted":[189],"disclosure9":[191],"discovered":[192,222],"exclusively":[193],"by":[194,205],")":[196],"4":[198],"disclosed":[200],"CVEs":[201],"(2":[202],"found":[203],"only":[204],"),":[207],"significantlyutperforming":[208],"the":[209,217],"considered":[210],"full-system":[211],"multi-processaselinefirmware":[212],"both":[216],"number":[218],"reproducibility":[220],"of":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-10T06:17:36.459440","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}
