{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414939714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938","title":"Comparative analysis of OSINT tools, techniques, and legal aspects","display_name":"Comparative analysis of OSINT tools, techniques, and legal aspects","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414939714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011500366","display_name":"Willi Lazarov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6820-8391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Willi Lazarov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119895831","display_name":"Vojtech Moravec","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vojtech Moravec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085804005","display_name":"Pavel Loutock\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-1467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21449261","display_name":"Masaryk University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j46qs45","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Loutock\u00fd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Masaryk University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Masaryk University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055183815","display_name":"Jakub Vostoupal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21449261","display_name":"Masaryk University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j46qs45","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakub Vostoupal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Masaryk University, Faculty of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Masaryk University, Faculty of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000738023","display_name":"Zden\u011bk Martin\u00e1sek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-5619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zdenek Martinasek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011500366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00250752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"168","issue":null,"first_page":"104938","last_page":"104938"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.43810001015663147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.43810001015663147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14420","display_name":"Advanced Research in Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.383899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability","display_name":"Liability","score":0.516700029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convention","display_name":"Convention","score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics","display_name":"Digital forensics","score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-analysis","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.32829999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.516700029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780608745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293","display_name":"Convention","level":2,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517642484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388514","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114713312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551269","display_name":"Social network analysis","level":3,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5579220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5579220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315323","display_name":"Technology Agency of the Czech Republic","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1709862592","https://openalex.org/W2531722734","https://openalex.org/W2810306796","https://openalex.org/W2884628187","https://openalex.org/W2905639207","https://openalex.org/W3000208506","https://openalex.org/W3020862983","https://openalex.org/W3194478758","https://openalex.org/W3217271134","https://openalex.org/W4213034955","https://openalex.org/W4225109379","https://openalex.org/W4282917509","https://openalex.org/W4293072352","https://openalex.org/W4313132983","https://openalex.org/W4318305677","https://openalex.org/W4324378992","https://openalex.org/W4399363372"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open":[0],"Source":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(OSINT)":[3],"has":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,39,46,141],"a":[7,40,60,155],"crucial":[8],"practice":[9,132],"in":[10,43,77,169],"the":[11,16,23,35,47,52,95,121,142,159,166,178,182],"digital":[12],"era,":[13],"driven":[14],"by":[15,135],"rapid":[17],"growth":[18],"of":[19,37,87,97,123,145,158,184,203],"information":[20],"available":[21],"on":[22,189,194],"internet":[24],"and":[25,55,67,80,107,120,128,138,165,197,205],"its":[26],"expanding":[27],"applications":[28],"across":[29],"multiple":[30,99],"sectors.":[31],"This":[32,152],"study":[33,153,179],"examines":[34],"role":[36],"OSINT":[38,131,172,185],"vital":[41],"tool":[42],"domains":[44],"such":[45],"indexed":[48],"internet,":[49],"social":[50],"networks,":[51],"darknet,":[53],"archives,":[54],"network":[56],"devices.":[57],"We":[58],"present":[59],"comparative":[61],"analysis":[62,73,157],"over":[63],"140":[64],"tools,":[65],"services,":[66],"databases":[68],"usable":[69],"for":[70],"OSINT.":[71],"The":[72,92],"reveals":[74],"significant":[75],"diversity":[76],"functionality,":[78],"licensing,":[79],"accessibility,":[81],"with":[82,101],"no":[83],"single":[84],"solution":[85],"capable":[86],"meeting":[88],"all":[89],"intelligence":[90],"needs.":[91],"findings":[93],"emphasize":[94],"necessity":[96],"combining":[98],"tools":[100],"manual":[102],"methods":[103],"to":[104,171,200],"acquire":[105],"accurate":[106],"reliable":[108],"intelligence,":[109],"while":[110],"also":[111,193],"highlighting":[112],"persistent":[113],"challenges,":[114],"including":[115],"limited":[116],"integrations,":[117],"licensing":[118],"constraints,":[119],"volatility":[122],"online":[124],"sources.":[125],"Beyond":[126],"technical":[127],"methodological":[129],"aspects,":[130],"is":[133],"shaped":[134],"complex":[136],"legal":[137,156,196],"ethical":[139,198],"considerations,":[140],"public":[143],"availability":[144],"data":[146],"does":[147],"not":[148,187],"guarantee":[149],"lawful":[150],"use.":[151],"provides":[154],"General":[160],"Data":[161],"Protection":[162],"Regulation":[163],"(GDPR)":[164],"Budapest":[167],"Convention":[168],"relation":[170],"investigations.":[173],"As":[174],"compliance":[175],"remains":[176],"context-specific,":[177],"underscores":[180],"that":[181],"future":[183],"depends":[186],"only":[188],"technological":[190],"advancement,":[191],"but":[192],"strong":[195],"responsibility":[199],"mitigate":[201],"risks":[202],"liability":[204],"reputational":[206],"harm.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
