{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165134745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344","title":"A novel hybrid TabTransformer\u2013LightGBM framework for explainable intrusion detection in smart farming IoT networks","display_name":"A novel hybrid TabTransformer\u2013LightGBM framework for explainable intrusion detection in smart farming IoT networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165134745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340289","display_name":"Computers & Electrical Engineering","issn_l":"0045-7906","issn":["0045-7906","1879-0755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electrical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110432626","display_name":"A. l","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399657946","display_name":"Rajalakshmi Engineering College","ror":"https://ror.org/01dw2vm55","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399657946"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alphin Ezhil Manuel M L","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Business Systems, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4003-5694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Business Systems, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399657946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130389778","display_name":"Priya S","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330855593","display_name":"Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bc5bx80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330855593"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priya S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330855593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036142208","display_name":"Manikandan Thirumalaisamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-2346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399657946","display_name":"Rajalakshmi Engineering College","ror":"https://ror.org/01dw2vm55","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399657946"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manikandan Thirumalaisamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Business Systems, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Business Systems, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399657946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132780609","display_name":"Prabu Kaliyaperumal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801787918","display_name":"IILM Institute for Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04d68yh59","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801787918"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabu Kaliyaperumal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, IILM University, Greater Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3256-5984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, IILM University, Greater Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801787918"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059184402","display_name":"Balamurugan Balusamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2805-4951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balamurugan Balusamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and IT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and IT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066071482","display_name":"Francesco Benedetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9203-1642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","display_name":"Roma Tre University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf0dg29","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Benedetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing for TLC and Economics, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9203-1642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing for TLC and Economics, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066071482"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"],"apc_list":{"value":3100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3100},"apc_paid":{"value":3100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3100},"fwci":7.4617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97553455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"138","issue":null,"first_page":"111344","last_page":"111344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.6624000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.6624000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.08649999648332596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.029400000348687172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6355000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.49559998512268066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6355000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191267431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911932","display_name":"Honeypot","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340289","display_name":"Computers & Electrical Engineering","issn_l":"0045-7906","issn":["0045-7906","1879-0755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electrical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma3.it:11590/551956","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11590/551956","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196120","display_name":"Iris (Roma Tre University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","host_organization_name":"Roma Tre University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340289","display_name":"Computers & Electrical Engineering","issn_l":"0045-7906","issn":["0045-7906","1879-0755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electrical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2797368616","https://openalex.org/W3100768346","https://openalex.org/W3196811292","https://openalex.org/W4211139801","https://openalex.org/W4213287504","https://openalex.org/W4301372647","https://openalex.org/W4318485392","https://openalex.org/W4319066581","https://openalex.org/W4321243464","https://openalex.org/W4321353955","https://openalex.org/W4327960872","https://openalex.org/W4380685751","https://openalex.org/W4382281941","https://openalex.org/W4385840282","https://openalex.org/W4390885796","https://openalex.org/W4391093770","https://openalex.org/W4391756333","https://openalex.org/W4393420577","https://openalex.org/W4394612532","https://openalex.org/W4400777574","https://openalex.org/W4401419497","https://openalex.org/W4401844543","https://openalex.org/W4402483050","https://openalex.org/W4404757202","https://openalex.org/W4405778752","https://openalex.org/W4405851865","https://openalex.org/W4406035296","https://openalex.org/W4406063523","https://openalex.org/W4406178739","https://openalex.org/W4406179827","https://openalex.org/W4406396410","https://openalex.org/W4406985201","https://openalex.org/W4407790276","https://openalex.org/W4408841715","https://openalex.org/W4409130030","https://openalex.org/W4409172933","https://openalex.org/W4409923038","https://openalex.org/W4410119959","https://openalex.org/W4410409968","https://openalex.org/W4411606834","https://openalex.org/W4411845177","https://openalex.org/W4411880894","https://openalex.org/W4412730460","https://openalex.org/W4412769234","https://openalex.org/W4414494446","https://openalex.org/W7123796848","https://openalex.org/W7131699631","https://openalex.org/W7131905588"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"farming":[1,197],"relies":[2],"on":[3,85,126,129],"the":[4,18,23,130,161],"Internet":[5],"of":[6,20,25,152,164],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"and":[9,22,52,112,124,133,143,149,170,180,191,205],"cloud":[10,86],"computing":[11],"technologies":[12],"to":[13,36,122],"optimize":[14],"agricultural":[15],"productivity,":[16],"but":[17],"heterogeneity":[19,204],"devices":[21,34],"complexity":[24],"generated":[26],"data":[27,203],"create":[28],"significant":[29],"cybersecurity":[30],"challenges.":[31],"Resource-constrained":[32],"IoT":[33,102,198],"struggle":[35],"implement":[37],"strong":[38],"defenses,":[39],"while":[40,108,168],"traditional":[41],"intrusion":[42,92],"detection":[43],"systems":[44],"often":[45],"have":[46],"difficulty":[47],"accurately":[48],"capturing":[49],"mixed":[50],"categorical":[51],"numerical":[53],"features,":[54],"generalizing":[55],"across":[56],"diverse":[57,181],"farms,":[58],"or":[59],"providing":[60],"interpretable":[61],"alerts.":[62,127],"To":[63],"address":[64],"these":[65],"challenges,":[66],"this":[67],"study":[68],"proposes":[69],"a":[70,188],"hybrid":[71],"TabTransformer\u2013Light":[72],"Gradient":[73],"Boosting":[74],"Machine":[75],"(LightGBM)":[76],"framework":[77,186],"with":[78],"SHapley":[79],"Additive":[80],"exPlanations":[81],"(SHAP)-based":[82],"explainability,":[83],"deployed":[84],"infrastructure":[87],"for":[88,194],"scalable,":[89],"near":[90],"real-time":[91],"diagnosis.":[93],"The":[94,184],"TabTransformer":[95],"efficiently":[96],"models":[97],"complex":[98,202],"interactions":[99],"among":[100],"heterogeneous":[101,177],"features":[103],"without":[104],"manual":[105],"feature":[106,166],"engineering,":[107],"LightGBM":[109],"provides":[110],"robust":[111],"computationally":[113],"efficient":[114],"classification.":[115],"SHAP":[116],"explanations":[117],"enhance":[118],"transparency,":[119],"enabling":[120],"operators":[121],"understand":[123],"act":[125],"Evaluations":[128],"CIC-IoT":[131],"2023":[132],"CIC-IoT-DIAD":[134],"2024":[135],"datasets":[136],"demonstrate":[137,174],"accuracy":[138],"above":[139],"98%,":[140],"high":[141],"recall":[142],"precision,":[144],"low":[145],"false":[146],"alarm":[147],"rates,":[148],"rapid":[150],"inference":[151],"approximately":[153],"3.5":[154],"ms":[155],"per":[156],"instance.":[157],"Ablation":[158],"studies":[159],"confirm":[160],"critical":[162],"role":[163],"transformer-based":[165],"representation,":[167],"cross-dataset":[169],"external":[171],"validation":[172],"analyses":[173],"robustness":[175],"under":[176],"traffic":[178],"distributions":[179],"attack":[182],"patterns.":[183],"proposed":[185],"offers":[187],"practical,":[189],"interpretable,":[190],"scalable":[192],"solution":[193],"securing":[195],"smart":[196],"networks,":[199],"effectively":[200],"addressing":[201],"operational":[206],"constraints.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T07:12:00.856984","created_date":"2026-06-19T00:00:00"}