{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161638517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219","title":"Designing a high-efficiency charge balancer for implantable electrical stimulator ICs","display_name":"Designing a high-efficiency charge balancer for implantable electrical stimulator ICs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161638517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340289","display_name":"Computers & Electrical Engineering","issn_l":"0045-7906","issn":["0045-7906","1879-0755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electrical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hany Shaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hany Shaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71718, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71718, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohamed Abbas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71718, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71718, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Khalil Yousef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2028-113X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalil Yousef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71718, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2028-113X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71718, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kasem Khalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-8566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I368840534","display_name":"University of Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/02teq1165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I368840534","https://openalex.org/I4210141039"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kasem Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71718, Egypt","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-8566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71718, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I368840534"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I368840534","https://openalex.org/I91041137"],"apc_list":{"value":3100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3100},"apc_paid":{"value":3100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3100},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91925466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"136","issue":null,"first_page":"111219","last_page":"111219"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.8564000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.8564000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.041600000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.021700000390410423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurostimulation","display_name":"Neurostimulation","score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-electrical-stimulation","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord-injury","display_name":"Spinal cord injury","score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.29820001125335693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776443511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1724687","display_name":"Neurostimulation","level":3,"score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327643","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","level":3,"score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415275","display_name":"Spinal cord injury","level":3,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190560348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3245116","display_name":"Circuit design","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984781990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668448","display_name":"Spinal cord stimulation","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780375056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905905","display_name":"Neuromodulation","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340289","display_name":"Computers & Electrical Engineering","issn_l":"0045-7906","issn":["0045-7906","1879-0755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electrical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340289","display_name":"Computers & Electrical Engineering","issn_l":"0045-7906","issn":["0045-7906","1879-0755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electrical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8887197375297546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309382","display_name":"University of Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/02teq1165"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1806144281","https://openalex.org/W1969369691","https://openalex.org/W1971482087","https://openalex.org/W2013468174","https://openalex.org/W2014521982","https://openalex.org/W2024403501","https://openalex.org/W2034240810","https://openalex.org/W2142876481","https://openalex.org/W2147352907","https://openalex.org/W2148483191","https://openalex.org/W2151411838","https://openalex.org/W2153787766","https://openalex.org/W2190728565","https://openalex.org/W2765422717","https://openalex.org/W2804781280","https://openalex.org/W2890720382","https://openalex.org/W3045543896","https://openalex.org/W3088346301","https://openalex.org/W4213431888","https://openalex.org/W4313555336","https://openalex.org/W4387407806","https://openalex.org/W4389184103","https://openalex.org/W4392796680","https://openalex.org/W4406170442","https://openalex.org/W4409683785","https://openalex.org/W4411620545"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,27,90,101,106,129,146,157,163,198,263,270],"mixed-signal":[4,94],"implantable":[5,55,274],"integrated":[6],"circuit":[7,174],"(IC)":[8],"designed":[9],"for":[10,26,132,248],"safe":[11,204],"and":[12,32,43,51,75,92,105,181,189,207,221,230,253],"energy-efficient":[13,93],"charge-balanced":[14,205],"neuromuscular":[15],"electrical":[16],"stimulation":[17,113,116,206],"(NMES).":[18],"NMES":[19,56],"has":[20],"emerged":[21],"as":[22,49,136,262],"an":[23],"effective":[24],"treatment":[25],"wide":[28,271],"range":[29,131,272],"of":[30,138,150,160,234,273],"symptoms":[31],"disorders,":[33],"including":[34],"restoring":[35],"motor":[36],"function":[37],"in":[38,62,70,170],"partially-denervated":[39],"muscles,":[40],"alleviating":[41],"pain,":[42],"even":[44],"recovering":[45],"sensory":[46],"functions":[47],"such":[48,135],"hearing":[50],"vision.":[52],"While":[53],"numerous":[54],"stimulator":[57],"architectures":[58],"have":[59],"been":[60],"reported":[61,168],"the":[63,171,239,245,258],"literature,":[64],"many":[65],"still":[66],"suffer":[67],"from":[68,120],"limitations":[69],"silicon":[71],"area,":[72],"power":[73],"efficiency,":[74],"safety":[76,201],"issues":[77],"related":[78],"to":[79,110,124,217,232,260],"charge":[80,194],"accumulation.":[81],"The":[82,97,115,143,173],"proposed":[83,98],"design":[84,99],"directly":[85],"targets":[86],"these":[87],"challenges":[88],"through":[89],"compact":[91,147],"IC":[95,144],"implementation.":[96],"integrates":[100],"programmable":[102,119],"current":[103,117,191],"driver":[104],"charge-balancing":[107],"feedback":[108],"loop":[109],"maintain":[111],"long-term":[112],"safety.":[114],"is":[118,215],"100":[121],"\u03bc":[122,126],"A":[123],"800":[125],"A,":[127],"providing":[128],"suitable":[130],"neuronal":[133],"stimulation,":[134],"that":[137],"epidural":[139],"spinal":[140],"cord":[141],"nerves.":[142],"achieves":[145],"core":[148],"area":[149],"0.1375":[151],"mm":[152],"2":[153],",":[154],"while":[155],"maintaining":[156,185],"high-power":[158],"efficiency":[159,188],"66%,":[161],"representing":[162],"notable":[164],"improvement":[165],"over":[166],"previously":[167],"designs":[169],"literature.":[172],"demonstrates":[175],"robust":[176],"operation":[177],"across":[178,269],"process,":[179],"voltage,":[180],"temperature":[182],"(PVT)":[183],"variations,":[184],"both":[186],"high":[187],"accurate":[190],"delivery.":[192],"Post-stimulation":[193],"residuals":[195],"remain":[196],"within":[197],"\u00b135":[199],"mV":[200],"window,":[202],"ensuring":[203],"enhanced":[208],"biocompatibility.":[209],"Maintaining":[210],"this":[211],"low":[212],"residual":[213],"voltage":[214],"essential":[216],"prevent":[218],"electrode":[219],"corrosion":[220],"irreversible":[222],"Faradaic":[223],"reactions,":[224],"which":[225],"can":[226],"generate":[227],"toxic":[228],"by-products":[229],"lead":[231],"potential":[233,247],"hydrogen":[235],"(pH)":[236],"change":[237],"at":[238],"tissue\u2013electrode":[240],"interface.":[241],"These":[242],"results":[243],"confirm":[244],"IC\u2019s":[246],"enabling":[249],"low-power,":[250],"safe,":[251],"long-term,":[252],"scalable":[254],"neurostimulation":[255],"systems,":[256],"with":[257],"flexibility":[259],"serve":[261],"reusable":[264],"intellectual":[265],"property":[266],"(IP)":[267],"block":[268],"clinical":[275],"applications.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00"}
