{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147679635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625","title":"Factors related to student engagement in blended learning in higher education: A narrative synthesis based on a systematic review","display_name":"Factors related to student engagement in blended learning in higher education: A narrative synthesis based on a systematic review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147679635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083891178","display_name":"Linyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6232-2203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICLON Graduate School of Teaching, Leiden University, P.O. Box 905, Leiden, 2300 AX, the Netherlands","The University of Hong Kong, Educational Faculty, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6232-2203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICLON Graduate School of Teaching, Leiden University, P.O. Box 905, Leiden, 2300 AX, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong, Educational Faculty, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026002460","display_name":"Roeland van der Rijst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6749-8283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roeland van der Rijst","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICLON Graduate School of Teaching, Leiden University, P.O. Box 905, Leiden, 2300 AX, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICLON Graduate School of Teaching, Leiden University, P.O. Box 905, Leiden, 2300 AX, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061932695","display_name":"Wilfried Admiraal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1627-3420"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Admiraal Wilfried","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1627-3420","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058374180","display_name":"Mario O. de Jonge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario de Jonge","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICLON Graduate School of Teaching, Leiden University, P.O. Box 905, Leiden, 2300 AX, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8764-7688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICLON Graduate School of Teaching, Leiden University, P.O. Box 905, Leiden, 2300 AX, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083891178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"fwci":9.7539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96401719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"250","issue":null,"first_page":"105625","last_page":"105625"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.38600000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.38600000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12950","display_name":"Educational Environments and Student Outcomes","score":0.07360000163316727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11039","display_name":"Evaluation of Teaching Practices","score":0.05849999934434891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrapersonal-communication","display_name":"Intrapersonal communication","score":0.7965999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.7876999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"Student engagement","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blended-learning","display_name":"Blended learning","score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.3384000062942505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153721897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3436149","display_name":"Intrapersonal communication","level":3,"score":0.7965999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.7876999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7365999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158592959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869010","display_name":"Blended learning","level":3,"score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14564219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383646","display_name":"Social cognitive theory","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9701087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283504","display_name":"Social engagement","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36727532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399","display_name":"Educational research","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51672120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303446","display_name":"Cooperative learning","level":3,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156393514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934800","display_name":"Multimethodology","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79416737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519","display_name":"Social learning","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776503756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424497","display_name":"Self-regulated learning","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131158328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307337","display_name":"Social influence","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5428219437599182,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4521930134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202008140104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1708013612","https://openalex.org/W1989743643","https://openalex.org/W1998629555","https://openalex.org/W1999257726","https://openalex.org/W2005833360","https://openalex.org/W2018176383","https://openalex.org/W2021427605","https://openalex.org/W2045796729","https://openalex.org/W2074439501","https://openalex.org/W2114003275","https://openalex.org/W2165027149","https://openalex.org/W2169570446","https://openalex.org/W2286110194","https://openalex.org/W2415261556","https://openalex.org/W2497242892","https://openalex.org/W2563279640","https://openalex.org/W2624448409","https://openalex.org/W2690430723","https://openalex.org/W2724361603","https://openalex.org/W2724687308","https://openalex.org/W2725276683","https://openalex.org/W2754580775","https://openalex.org/W2765943559","https://openalex.org/W2774228267","https://openalex.org/W2774843604","https://openalex.org/W2793690193","https://openalex.org/W2801738409","https://openalex.org/W2884472172","https://openalex.org/W2887567850","https://openalex.org/W2894931326","https://openalex.org/W2901650152","https://openalex.org/W2923883194","https://openalex.org/W2929979196","https://openalex.org/W2946292662","https://openalex.org/W2947176491","https://openalex.org/W2949353337","https://openalex.org/W2949842070","https://openalex.org/W2972324304","https://openalex.org/W2972921754","https://openalex.org/W2998202448","https://openalex.org/W3014646985","https://openalex.org/W3035806589","https://openalex.org/W3038090822","https://openalex.org/W3094093659","https://openalex.org/W3095500811","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3118851069","https://openalex.org/W3135339378","https://openalex.org/W3136869509","https://openalex.org/W3163938930","https://openalex.org/W3171536220","https://openalex.org/W3176160530","https://openalex.org/W3180884099","https://openalex.org/W3185966180","https://openalex.org/W3197074472","https://openalex.org/W3201405175","https://openalex.org/W3202121579","https://openalex.org/W3208154570","https://openalex.org/W4205689415","https://openalex.org/W4213350028","https://openalex.org/W4220704053","https://openalex.org/W4220895245","https://openalex.org/W4229459285","https://openalex.org/W4283588250","https://openalex.org/W4292615927","https://openalex.org/W4307407952","https://openalex.org/W4310249545","https://openalex.org/W4315649730","https://openalex.org/W4319008674","https://openalex.org/W4322096383","https://openalex.org/W4322768999","https://openalex.org/W4360978447","https://openalex.org/W4360980322","https://openalex.org/W4366123100","https://openalex.org/W4366422207","https://openalex.org/W4385860567","https://openalex.org/W4386142765","https://openalex.org/W4387806541","https://openalex.org/W4388001762","https://openalex.org/W4388463223","https://openalex.org/W4389818364","https://openalex.org/W4389918005","https://openalex.org/W4390242057","https://openalex.org/W4393277386","https://openalex.org/W4394932491","https://openalex.org/W4396900919","https://openalex.org/W4400954210","https://openalex.org/W4402384069","https://openalex.org/W4403749935","https://openalex.org/W4403838047","https://openalex.org/W4403860359","https://openalex.org/W4406614486","https://openalex.org/W4406679518","https://openalex.org/W4407280027","https://openalex.org/W4407828396","https://openalex.org/W4408367399","https://openalex.org/W4408456839","https://openalex.org/W4409198740","https://openalex.org/W4411461192","https://openalex.org/W4411986559","https://openalex.org/W4415324362"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"systematic":[1],"review":[2,244],"synthesizes":[3],"empirical":[4,183],"research":[5,132],"on":[6,18,104,133],"factors":[7,29,72,141,154,202,207,210,233,250,260],"associated":[8,168],"with":[9,108,156,169],"student":[10,31,170,215],"engagement":[11,83,94,171,265],"in":[12,172,175],"higher":[13,176],"education":[14,177],"blended":[15,163,173],"learning.":[16],"Drawing":[17],"81":[19],"peer-reviewed":[20],"studies":[21],"published":[22],"since":[23],"2016,":[24],"we":[25],"distinguished":[26],"between":[27],"four":[28],"affecting":[30],"engagement:":[32],"individual,":[33],"instructional,":[34],"interactional,":[35],"and":[36,49,53,56,69,81,92,135,144,147,187,199,208,263],"learning-environment":[37],"factors.":[38,229,253],"The":[39,242,255],"synthesis":[40],"shows":[41],"that":[42,246],"instructional":[43,153,195,209,232],"factors,":[44,58,194,196,198],"particularly":[45,59],"learning":[46,54,70,164,174,200],"support,":[47],"assessment":[48],"feedback,":[50],"course":[51],"delivery,":[52],"materials,":[55],"individual":[57,159],"intrapersonal":[60],"competencies,":[61],"were":[62,73,84,178,190,234],"most":[63,86,212,221,248],"frequently":[64,75],"examined":[65,235],"across":[66],"studies.":[67],"Interactional":[68],"environment":[71],"less":[74,157],"studied.":[76],"In":[77],"addition,":[78],"behavioral,":[79],"emotional,":[80],"cognitive":[82],"the":[85,119,127,220,227,247],"commonly":[87,222],"investigated":[88],"dimensions,":[89],"whereas":[90],"social":[91,134,262],"agentic":[93,136,264],"received":[95],"comparatively":[96],"limited":[97,110],"attention.":[98],"We":[99],"also":[100],"identified":[101,228],"substantial":[102],"reliance":[103],"one-time":[105],"self-report":[106],"measures,":[107],"relatively":[109],"use":[111],"of":[112,122,140,238,257],"longitudinal":[113,143],"or":[114],"digital-trace":[115,145],"data":[116],"to":[117,150,214,225],"capture":[118],"dynamic":[120],"nature":[121],"engagement.":[123,216],"These":[124],"findings":[125],"highlight":[126],"need":[128],"for":[129],"more":[130],"nuanced":[131],"engagement,":[137],"improved":[138],"operationalization":[139],"using":[142],"approaches,":[146],"greater":[148],"attention":[149],"how":[151],"adaptable":[152,158],"interact":[155],"differences":[160],"when":[161],"designing":[162],"environments.":[165],"\u2022":[166,181,192,205,217,230,241,254],"Factors":[167],"systematically":[179],"reviewed.":[180],"Eighty-three":[182],"studies,":[184,189],"including":[185],"quantitative":[186],"qualitative":[188],"included.":[191],"Individual":[193,206],"interactional":[197],"environmental":[201],"are":[203,211,219,251],"identified.":[204],"related":[213],"Surveys":[218],"used":[223],"method":[224],"measure":[226],"Most":[231],"by":[236],"means":[237],"intervention":[239],"designs.":[240],"literature":[243],"showed":[245],"recurring":[249],"malleable":[252],"number":[256],"articles":[258],"investigating":[259],"influencing":[261],"is":[266],"limited.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
