{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134122856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612","title":"The Interplay of Self-regulation, Cognitive Load and Learner Resources: Implications for Learning Outcomes in Virtual Reality","display_name":"The Interplay of Self-regulation, Cognitive Load and Learner Resources: Implications for Learning Outcomes in Virtual Reality","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134122856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120002920","display_name":"Nina Peltzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nina R. Peltzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU Munich)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1594-5085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU Munich)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128312917","display_name":"Jochen Kuhn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jochen Kuhn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU Munich)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6985-3218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU Munich)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016857737","display_name":"Matthias Stadler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8241-8723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Stadler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Education, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8241-8723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Education, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119405179","display_name":"Raphael Cera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raphael Cera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU Munich)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU Munich)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039672139","display_name":"Christoph Hoyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-8205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Hoyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU Munich)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-8205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU Munich)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044331907","display_name":"Salome Flegr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-9316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salome Flegr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-9316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Education, Faculty of Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128326501","display_name":"Martin R. Fischer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin R. Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Education, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5299-5025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Education, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128319367","display_name":"Constanze Richters","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Constanze Richters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Education, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-3543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Education, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120002920","https://openalex.org/A5128319367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40971685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"249","issue":null,"first_page":"105612","last_page":"105612"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.22220000624656677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.22220000624656677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.15039999783039093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13353","display_name":"Flow Experience in Various Fields","score":0.08349999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.7527999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6861000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-reality","display_name":"Mixed reality","score":0.26420000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.7527999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6861000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5541999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206776904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758389","display_name":"Mixed reality","level":3,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.23989999294281006}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521400106","https://openalex.org/W1741890539","https://openalex.org/W1867121360","https://openalex.org/W1957711827","https://openalex.org/W1990902089","https://openalex.org/W2029700986","https://openalex.org/W2031917325","https://openalex.org/W2033177465","https://openalex.org/W2036697018","https://openalex.org/W2051949292","https://openalex.org/W2055164159","https://openalex.org/W2058978362","https://openalex.org/W2064809032","https://openalex.org/W2067309116","https://openalex.org/W2086557336","https://openalex.org/W2088790914","https://openalex.org/W2091552421","https://openalex.org/W2094171041","https://openalex.org/W2098880898","https://openalex.org/W2113342655","https://openalex.org/W2113346546","https://openalex.org/W2116669434","https://openalex.org/W2119681300","https://openalex.org/W2125521223","https://openalex.org/W2136090849","https://openalex.org/W2144200946","https://openalex.org/W2148664717","https://openalex.org/W2151350882","https://openalex.org/W2158653334","https://openalex.org/W2211069567","https://openalex.org/W2299286343","https://openalex.org/W2472981767","https://openalex.org/W2547477046","https://openalex.org/W2552743304","https://openalex.org/W2597900308","https://openalex.org/W2608524957","https://openalex.org/W2748770446","https://openalex.org/W2767740804","https://openalex.org/W2774840496","https://openalex.org/W2777517149","https://openalex.org/W2794691683","https://openalex.org/W2795212323","https://openalex.org/W2800397035","https://openalex.org/W2800681641","https://openalex.org/W2807472698","https://openalex.org/W2810873341","https://openalex.org/W2913144876","https://openalex.org/W2922497623","https://openalex.org/W2939394728","https://openalex.org/W2939762926","https://openalex.org/W2945435832","https://openalex.org/W2949858961","https://openalex.org/W2954399357","https://openalex.org/W2955870114","https://openalex.org/W2973768028","https://openalex.org/W3004648111","https://openalex.org/W3006520757","https://openalex.org/W3011347971","https://openalex.org/W3011790652","https://openalex.org/W3012342037","https://openalex.org/W3022353277","https://openalex.org/W3027038186","https://openalex.org/W3039587732","https://openalex.org/W3041285464","https://openalex.org/W3041645674","https://openalex.org/W3046402650","https://openalex.org/W3080093691","https://openalex.org/W3084427344","https://openalex.org/W3092407193","https://openalex.org/W3094802198","https://openalex.org/W3117367244","https://openalex.org/W3119399459","https://openalex.org/W3125169955","https://openalex.org/W3138546140","https://openalex.org/W3153055590","https://openalex.org/W3173269830","https://openalex.org/W3176376210","https://openalex.org/W3213268497","https://openalex.org/W4220735007","https://openalex.org/W4239789190","https://openalex.org/W4297369597","https://openalex.org/W4301401348","https://openalex.org/W4302287507","https://openalex.org/W4308657917","https://openalex.org/W4310261221","https://openalex.org/W4312082225","https://openalex.org/W4321351074","https://openalex.org/W4361273513","https://openalex.org/W4377138701","https://openalex.org/W4382072531","https://openalex.org/W4391025059","https://openalex.org/W4391782664","https://openalex.org/W4392005705","https://openalex.org/W4394946276","https://openalex.org/W4396805072","https://openalex.org/W4396932922","https://openalex.org/W4399517991","https://openalex.org/W4400050374","https://openalex.org/W4400681460","https://openalex.org/W4400925735","https://openalex.org/W4401027759","https://openalex.org/W4401219722","https://openalex.org/W4401410623","https://openalex.org/W4407894566","https://openalex.org/W4413066392","https://openalex.org/W4415191090","https://openalex.org/W7124443470"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigated":[2],"how":[3,33,47],"cognitive":[4,38,143,235],"load,":[5,109],"self-regulation,":[6],"and":[7,36,44,46,69,101,135,145,200,213],"learner":[8,48,98,230],"resources":[9,49,231],"interact":[10],"to":[11,42,51,117,154,188,191,244],"shape":[12],"conceptual":[13],"learning":[14,160,180,204,212,243],"in":[15,31,77,138,182,205,215],"immersive":[16,155,192],"virtual":[17],"reality":[18],"(iVR).":[19],"Building":[20],"on":[21,66,203],"Seufert\u2019s":[22],"(2018)":[23,134],"model,":[24],"we":[25],"examined":[26],"whether":[27,118],"its":[28,91],"predictions":[29],"hold":[30],"iVR,":[32,139],"intrinsic":[34],"(ICL)":[35],"extraneous":[37],"load":[39,144,209,219],"(ECL)":[40],"relate":[41],"self-regulation":[43,68,87,107,146,214,233],"learning,":[45,70],"contribute":[50],"these":[52],"relations.":[53],"Data":[54],"from":[55,127,242],"473":[56],"students":[57],"showed":[58],"a":[59,74],"consistent":[60],"negative":[61],"linear":[62],"effect":[63],"of":[64,86,97,106,178,226],"ECL":[65,72,165],"both":[67,197],"underscoring":[71],"as":[73],"critical":[75],"burden":[76],"iVR-based":[78,159],"learning.":[79,94,123],"ICL":[80],"did":[81],"not":[82,162,223],"predict":[83],"the":[84,104,128,173,221,224,246],"frequency":[85],"but":[88,166],"negatively":[89],"moderated":[90],"effectiveness":[92],"for":[93,196],"In":[95],"terms":[96],"resources,":[99],"interest":[100],"self-efficacy":[102],"supported":[103],"application":[105],"under":[108,234],"whereas":[110],"prior":[111],"knowledge":[112],"was":[113],"more":[114],"closely":[115],"related":[116],"regulatory":[119,151],"activity":[120],"translated":[121],"into":[122],"These":[124],"findings":[125],"diverge":[126],"U-shaped":[129],"relations":[130,141],"proposed":[131],"by":[132,149],"Seufert":[133],"suggest":[136],"that":[137,176],"established":[140],"between":[142],"are":[147],"overlaid":[148],"additional":[150],"demands":[152],"inherent":[153],"environments.":[156],"Consequently,":[157],"optimizing":[158],"requires":[161],"only":[163],"minimizing":[164],"also":[167],"explicitly":[168],"supporting":[169],"learning-relevant":[170],"self-regulation.":[171,227],"Overall,":[172],"results":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"models":[177],"self-regulated":[179],"validated":[181],"traditional":[183],"settings":[184],"cannot":[185],"be":[186,240],"assumed":[187],"transfer":[189],"unaltered":[190],"environments,":[193],"with":[194],"implications":[195],"instructional":[198],"design":[199],"theory-driven":[201],"research":[202],"iVR.":[206,216],"\u2022":[207,217,228,237],"Extraneous":[208],"consistently":[210],"undermines":[211],"Intrinsic":[218],"constrains":[220],"effectiveness,":[222],"frequency,":[225],"Motivational":[229],"support":[232],"load.":[236],"Self-regulation":[238],"may":[239],"diverted":[241],"managing":[245],"iVR":[247],"environment.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-22T06:25:25.174409","created_date":"2026-03-08T00:00:00"}