{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7168122402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2026.109812","title":"Causality-Guided LSTM-VAE for anomaly detection in green ammonia processes under variable load conditions","display_name":"Causality-Guided LSTM-VAE for anomaly detection in green ammonia processes under variable load conditions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7168122402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2026.109812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2026.109812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2026.109812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150671403","display_name":"Computers & Chemical Engineering","issn_l":"0098-1354","issn":["0098-1354","1873-4375"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Chemical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yukui Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8134-7513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukui Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8134-7513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140530501","display_name":"Dawei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110195","display_name":"China Energy Engineering Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nvzzy80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110195"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Energy Engineering Group Hydrogen Energy Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Energy Engineering Group Hydrogen Energy Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016252333","display_name":"Lei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-5504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091069","display_name":"Dongfang Electric Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00az85j53","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongfang Electric Qineng (Shenzhen) Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongfang Electric Qineng (Shenzhen) Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091069"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129777125","display_name":"Fang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Command and Control Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Command and Control Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138054338","display_name":"Haoyu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Command and Control Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Command and Control Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125272396","display_name":"Ge He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ge He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140531593","display_name":"Xu Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125272396","https://openalex.org/A5140531593"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72796468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"214","issue":null,"first_page":"109812","last_page":"109812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12112","display_name":"Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12112","display_name":"Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11053","display_name":"Process Optimization and Integration","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.6812000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ammonia-production","display_name":"Ammonia production","score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tower","display_name":"Tower","score":0.3720000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.6812000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181258405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3961934","display_name":"Ammonia production","level":3,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777831296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12518","display_name":"Tower","level":2,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107706546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189124","display_name":"Heat exchanger","level":2,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193244246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432696","display_name":"False discovery rate","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2026.109812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2026.109812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150671403","display_name":"Computers & Chemical Engineering","issn_l":"0098-1354","issn":["0098-1354","1873-4375"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Chemical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6809477806091309,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090182720","https://openalex.org/W2593118993","https://openalex.org/W2766849219","https://openalex.org/W2963166639","https://openalex.org/W3029681104","https://openalex.org/W3036003775","https://openalex.org/W4385487007","https://openalex.org/W4386379708","https://openalex.org/W4391867943","https://openalex.org/W4394871351","https://openalex.org/W4396633848","https://openalex.org/W4399567889","https://openalex.org/W4399903787","https://openalex.org/W4399916242","https://openalex.org/W4400949804","https://openalex.org/W4401661988","https://openalex.org/W4403439021","https://openalex.org/W4403855297","https://openalex.org/W4403892303","https://openalex.org/W4406727911","https://openalex.org/W4409002539","https://openalex.org/W4409322933","https://openalex.org/W4409657020","https://openalex.org/W4410017584","https://openalex.org/W4410233037","https://openalex.org/W4410740393","https://openalex.org/W4411069913","https://openalex.org/W4411196057","https://openalex.org/W4412049366","https://openalex.org/W4412431261","https://openalex.org/W4412981604","https://openalex.org/W4413142538","https://openalex.org/W4414481586","https://openalex.org/W4414780545","https://openalex.org/W4415314869","https://openalex.org/W4417275152","https://openalex.org/W7121324022","https://openalex.org/W7125650622","https://openalex.org/W7126083748","https://openalex.org/W7127430692","https://openalex.org/W7128161693","https://openalex.org/W7128805934","https://openalex.org/W7129178844"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2026-07-14T00:00:00"}