{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161066571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","title":"Policy optimization for multi-variant COVID-19 pandemic under unequal isolation and booster shot","display_name":"Policy optimization for multi-variant COVID-19 pandemic under unequal isolation and booster shot","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161066571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42127735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072003862","display_name":"Zakka Ugih Rizqi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-9503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zakka Ugih Rizqi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Keelung Rd., Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstr\u00e6de 16, Aalborg East, 9220, Denmark. Electronic address: zur@mp.aau.dk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Keelung Rd., Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstr\u00e6de 16, Aalborg East, 9220, Denmark. Electronic address: zur@mp.aau.dk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018376654","display_name":"Shuo\u2010Yan Chou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-0375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo-Yan Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Keelung Rd., Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC; Intelligent Manufacturing Innovation Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Keelung Rd., Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Keelung Rd., Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC; Intelligent Manufacturing Innovation Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Keelung Rd., Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049428656","display_name":"Tiffany Hui\u2010Kuang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-6333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany Hui-Kuang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Finance, Feng Chia University, No. 100, Wenhua Rd., Taichung, 40724, Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Finance, Feng Chia University, No. 100, Wenhua Rd., Taichung, 40724, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072003862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"apc_list":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"apc_paid":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64943776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"211","issue":null,"first_page":"111750","last_page":"111750"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.4189999997615814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.4189999997615814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12659","display_name":"Innovation Diffusion and Forecasting","score":0.026000000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.7174000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.6021000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shot","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/booster","display_name":"Booster (rocketry)","score":0.5490999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-shot","display_name":"One shot","score":0.51419997215271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7174000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.6021000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778344882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278938","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","level":2,"score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203165030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741745","display_name":"Booster (rocketry)","level":2,"score":0.5490999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992734406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413267","display_name":"One shot","level":2,"score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019835501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1310130","display_name":"Single shot","level":2,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3212999999523163}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086663","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Vaccines","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086663","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007117","descriptor_name":"Immunization, Secondary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007117","descriptor_name":"Immunization, Secondary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42127735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42127735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in biology and medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/ed2b4bab-d6dd-44f8-927f-9001c39d06f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/ed2b4bab-d6dd-44f8-927f-9001c39d06f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rizqi, Z U, Chou, S Y & Yu, T H K 2026, 'Policy optimization for multi-variant COVID-19 pandemic under unequal isolation and booster shot', Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 211, 111750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054353417","https://openalex.org/W2739377844","https://openalex.org/W2767477371","https://openalex.org/W3006914768","https://openalex.org/W3013115416","https://openalex.org/W3017185871","https://openalex.org/W3032538444","https://openalex.org/W3080379821","https://openalex.org/W3080936166","https://openalex.org/W3087347130","https://openalex.org/W3093549312","https://openalex.org/W3094071812","https://openalex.org/W3106386073","https://openalex.org/W3132132323","https://openalex.org/W3134081703","https://openalex.org/W3167049296","https://openalex.org/W3179941408","https://openalex.org/W3188269274","https://openalex.org/W3196822534","https://openalex.org/W3198021708","https://openalex.org/W3205244463","https://openalex.org/W3208721257","https://openalex.org/W4205289703","https://openalex.org/W4210486673","https://openalex.org/W4220700794","https://openalex.org/W4283644128","https://openalex.org/W4290851842","https://openalex.org/W4293745078","https://openalex.org/W4313414356","https://openalex.org/W4385369456","https://openalex.org/W4402666941","https://openalex.org/W4412675763","https://openalex.org/W4414303421"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"COVID-19":[0,70,210,246],"continues":[1],"to":[2,42,46,67],"impact":[3,251],"health,":[4,220],"economies,":[5],"and":[6,15,23,30,57,79,92,104,108,118,159,169,196,217,222,234],"societies":[7],"globally,":[8],"with":[9,83,124,249],"ongoing":[10],"concerns":[11],"about":[12],"new":[13],"waves":[14],"variant":[16,260],"complexities.":[17],"Effective":[18],"policies,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"vaccination":[22,103,216],"isolation,":[24,158],"are":[25,224],"crucial":[26],"for":[27,130,185,189,209,239],"minimizing":[28],"infections":[29,117],"mitigating":[31],"socio-economic":[32],"impacts.":[33],"With":[34],"the":[35,84,89,131,139],"limited":[36],"budget":[37],"availability,":[38],"it":[39],"is":[40,134,183,207,261],"important":[41],"design":[43],"a":[44,62],"policy":[45,101,211,230],"minimize":[47],"not":[48,111,238],"only":[49,231],"infection":[50],"but":[51,110,120,237],"also":[52],"negative":[53],"impacts":[54],"on":[55,73,219,252,258],"economic":[56],"social.":[58],"This":[59],"study":[60],"uses":[61],"System":[63,204],"Dynamics":[64],"(SD)":[65],"model":[66],"analyze":[68],"multi-variant":[69],"spread,":[71],"focusing":[72],"booster":[74,197],"shots,":[75],"vaccine":[76,193],"supply":[77,194],"rates,":[78],"isolation":[80,105,144,171,187,218,256],"rates.":[81,126],"Simulations":[82],"United":[85],"States":[86],"case,":[87],"considering":[88],"Alpha,":[90],"Delta,":[91],"Wuhan":[93,107,233],"variants,":[94],"reveal":[95],"key":[96],"insights:":[97],"(1)":[98],"The":[99,227],"base":[100,229],"of":[102,215],"controls":[106,232],"Alpha":[109,235],"Delta.":[112,240],"(2)":[113],"Adding":[114],"boosters":[115,175],"suppress":[116,151],"unemployment":[119],"struggles":[121],"against":[122],"Delta":[123],"current":[125],"(3)":[127],"Prioritizing":[128],"vaccines":[129,155,168],"unvaccinated":[132],"people":[133],"more":[135],"effective":[136],"than":[137,263],"boosting":[138],"vaccinated":[140],"ones.":[141],"(4)":[142],"Unequal":[143,255],"outperforms":[145],"equal":[146,264],"isolation.":[147,265],"(5)":[148],"Two":[149],"policies":[150],"all":[152],"variants:":[153],"increased":[154,167],"plus":[156,161],"enhanced":[157,170],"these":[160],"boosters.":[162],"(6)":[163],"Economic":[164],"constraints":[165],"favor":[166],"without":[172],"boosters,":[173],"while":[174],"can":[176,244],"accelerate":[177],"control":[178,245],"otherwise.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"desirability-based":[181],"optimization":[182,206],"performed":[184],"determining":[186],"rate":[188],"each":[190],"virus":[191,259],"variant,":[192],"rate,":[195],"shot":[198,243],"option":[199],"under":[200],"conflicting":[201],"objectives.":[202],"\u2022":[203,213,226,241,254],"Dynamics-based":[205],"proposed":[208],"design.":[212],"Impacts":[214],"economy,":[221],"society":[223],"studied.":[225],"U.S.":[228],"viruses,":[236],"Booster":[242],"spread":[247],"fasten":[248],"higher":[250],"economy.":[253],"based":[257],"better":[262]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2026-05-14T00:00:00"}