{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135417038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111622","title":"GHC-net: A gramian angular field based hybrid CNN for cuffless blood pressure classification using PPG signals","display_name":"GHC-net: A gramian angular field based hybrid CNN for cuffless blood pressure classification using PPG signals","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135417038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111622","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41833169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060790908","display_name":"Ying Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9103-6126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110560","display_name":"Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01tapk317","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210110560"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 519031, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 519031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000688082","display_name":"Tianju Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1098-3840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191996457","display_name":"Dalian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04c8eg608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191996457"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097509","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00r67fz39","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097509"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129459","display_name":"The Affiliated Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vnzz93","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129459"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianju Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infectious Diseases Department, Beibei Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infectious Diseases Department, Beibei Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191996457","https://openalex.org/I4210129459","https://openalex.org/I87780372","https://openalex.org/I4210097509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363624","display_name":"Zhichao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3560-2135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102017289","display_name":"Zhiyi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3539-9085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129165834","display_name":"Zhen Mei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110560","display_name":"Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01tapk317","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210110560"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 519031, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. Electronic address: zhenmei@swu.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 519031, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. Electronic address: zhenmei@swu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037922594","display_name":"Mang I Vai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0663-0049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mang I Vai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129165834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110560"],"apc_list":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85739396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"206","issue":null,"first_page":"111622","last_page":"111622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.013199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.7946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gramian-matrix","display_name":"Gramian matrix","score":0.6938999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6525999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.7946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7017999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6945000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77246614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1409400","display_name":"Gramian matrix","level":3,"score":0.6938999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6525999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780757906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276676","display_name":"Dilation (metric space)","level":2,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001795","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41833169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41833169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in biology and medicine","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4851294457912445,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1819620602","https://openalex.org/W1968387483","https://openalex.org/W1978680118","https://openalex.org/W2065834320","https://openalex.org/W2072166831","https://openalex.org/W2096684523","https://openalex.org/W2294418644","https://openalex.org/W2612526943","https://openalex.org/W2760886327","https://openalex.org/W2794106486","https://openalex.org/W2795921077","https://openalex.org/W2955961229","https://openalex.org/W3030350170","https://openalex.org/W3130628155","https://openalex.org/W3171925877","https://openalex.org/W3193823764","https://openalex.org/W3203668181","https://openalex.org/W4210619160","https://openalex.org/W4220656714","https://openalex.org/W4223434316","https://openalex.org/W4292693080","https://openalex.org/W4304481237","https://openalex.org/W4308770069","https://openalex.org/W4386231738","https://openalex.org/W4390706848","https://openalex.org/W4392697867","https://openalex.org/W4401567604","https://openalex.org/W4408047540"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2026-03-15T00:00:00"}