{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128403138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111533","title":"Emergent Language Symbolic Autoencoder (ELSA) with weak supervision to model hierarchical brain networks","display_name":"Emergent Language Symbolic Autoencoder (ELSA) with weak supervision to model hierarchical brain networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128403138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111533","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41655479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092345080","display_name":"Ammar Ahmed Pallikonda Latheef","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Ahmed Pallikonda Latheef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Radiology AI Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5916-9953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Radiology AI Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125386624","display_name":"Alberto Santamaria-Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Santamaria-Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health AI, Redmond, WA, USA; Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Radiology AI Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health AI, Redmond, WA, USA; Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Radiology AI Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018714925","display_name":"Craig Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-3006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig K. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Radiology AI Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-3006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Radiology AI Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124089997","display_name":"Haris Sair","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haris I. Sair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Radiology AI Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. Electronic address: hsair1@jhmi.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-0471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Radiology AI Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. Electronic address: hsair1@jhmi.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092345080"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"],"apc_list":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26112813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"204","issue":null,"first_page":"111533","last_page":"111533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.44690001010894775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.44690001010894775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.11219999939203262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.09070000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-database-model","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-data-analysis","display_name":"Symbolic data analysis","score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.397599995136261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6625000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65620979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661176","display_name":"Symbolic data analysis","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45715564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292103","display_name":"Connectome","level":3,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780217385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389284","display_name":"Hierarchical organization","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104122410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416406","display_name":"Network model","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48859967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6486712","display_name":"Language construct","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124527596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17029359","display_name":"Hierarchical control system","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098446","descriptor_name":"Autoencoder","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063132","descriptor_name":"Connectome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41655479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41655479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in biology and medicine","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974316717","https://openalex.org/W1986589478","https://openalex.org/W1991432326","https://openalex.org/W1999653836","https://openalex.org/W1999718518","https://openalex.org/W2006096283","https://openalex.org/W2009494091","https://openalex.org/W2010129584","https://openalex.org/W2022825068","https://openalex.org/W2024232708","https://openalex.org/W2024729467","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2079450984","https://openalex.org/W2094426896","https://openalex.org/W2112891119","https://openalex.org/W2113506774","https://openalex.org/W2116658855","https://openalex.org/W2160659462","https://openalex.org/W2507387536","https://openalex.org/W2568027254","https://openalex.org/W2593796352","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2964266449","https://openalex.org/W3006653489","https://openalex.org/W3083622693","https://openalex.org/W4206337041","https://openalex.org/W4225323865","https://openalex.org/W4225324554","https://openalex.org/W4235770099","https://openalex.org/W4239515452","https://openalex.org/W4281254758","https://openalex.org/W4283519547","https://openalex.org/W4295808856","https://openalex.org/W4323338494","https://openalex.org/W4389505362","https://openalex.org/W4408389392"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-10T06:17:13.238206","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}