{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404311100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","title":"Transfer learning in spirometry: CNN models for automated flow-volume curve quality control in paediatric populations","display_name":"Transfer learning in spirometry: CNN models for automated flow-volume curve quality control in paediatric populations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404311100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39541898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028912155","display_name":"Carla Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4643-2285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110056","display_name":"Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Sa\u00fade de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo","ror":"https://ror.org/0208sdr22","country_code":"PT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110056"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131358","display_name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade","ror":"https://ror.org/03xm57x75","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127296","https://openalex.org/I4210131358","https://openalex.org/I4210136275"]}],"countries":["BR","PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carla Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: cdanielaam@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4643-2285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: cdanielaam@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131358","https://openalex.org/I4210110056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000045150","display_name":"Henrique Barros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-6571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131358","display_name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade","ror":"https://ror.org/03xm57x75","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127296","https://openalex.org/I4210131358","https://openalex.org/I4210136275"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158732","display_name":"i3S - Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04wjk1035","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210158732"]}],"countries":["BR","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Barros","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-6571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131358","https://openalex.org/I4210158732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058505768","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Moreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7294-9296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131358","display_name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade","ror":"https://ror.org/03xm57x75","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127296","https://openalex.org/I4210131358","https://openalex.org/I4210136275"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Moreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal; Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Cl\u00ednica, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7294-9296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal; Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Cl\u00ednica, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028912155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110056","https://openalex.org/I4210131358"],"apc_list":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"apc_paid":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"fwci":1.8951,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87083655,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"184","issue":null,"first_page":"109341","last_page":"109341"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":0.6380000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":0.6380000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10665","display_name":"Cystic Fibrosis Research Advances","score":0.04309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10051","display_name":"Asthma and respiratory diseases","score":0.027400000020861626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spirometry","display_name":"Spirometry","score":0.8382692337036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6396652460098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5706440210342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5150377750396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.48062294721603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4748977720737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-curve","display_name":"Learning curve","score":0.46525153517723083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.45513617992401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41487130522727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36362016201019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3352324962615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.30616673827171326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16442552208900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.1280824840068817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asthma","display_name":"Asthma","score":0.08538392186164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06557607650756836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780333948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653305","display_name":"Spirometry","level":3,"score":0.8382692337036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6396652460098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5706440210342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5150377750396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.48062294721603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4748977720737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34585555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368723","display_name":"Learning curve","level":2,"score":0.46525153517723083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45513617992401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41487130522727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36362016201019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3352324962615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30616673827171326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16442552208900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1280824840068817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.08538392186164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06557607650756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011786","descriptor_name":"Quality Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011786","descriptor_name":"Quality Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011786","descriptor_name":"Quality Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011786","descriptor_name":"Quality Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39541898","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39541898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in biology and medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio-aberto.up.pt:10216/163855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10216/163855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401935","display_name":"Open Repository of the University of Porto (University of Porto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","host_organization_name":"Universidade do Porto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2033460137","https://openalex.org/W2133217689","https://openalex.org/W2147940853","https://openalex.org/W2166843847","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2623511780","https://openalex.org/W2755229187","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2969890124","https://openalex.org/W2981067716","https://openalex.org/W3020996329","https://openalex.org/W3035598121","https://openalex.org/W3087629119","https://openalex.org/W3135096391","https://openalex.org/W3148908072","https://openalex.org/W3169906287","https://openalex.org/W3174179251","https://openalex.org/W4210679473","https://openalex.org/W4223596699","https://openalex.org/W4224234944","https://openalex.org/W4230749240","https://openalex.org/W4249142012","https://openalex.org/W4308327397","https://openalex.org/W4308435850","https://openalex.org/W6676297131","https://openalex.org/W6726628354","https://openalex.org/W6744118315","https://openalex.org/W6807931831"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1895106260","https://openalex.org/W2419252117","https://openalex.org/W2582752839","https://openalex.org/W2984685339","https://openalex.org/W2776261274","https://openalex.org/W3006781906","https://openalex.org/W2499072228","https://openalex.org/W4377093337","https://openalex.org/W4387413648","https://openalex.org/W1999680554"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"spirometers":[1],"face":[2],"challenges":[3],"in":[4,26,169,195,249,307,319],"evaluating":[5],"acceptability":[6,51],"criteria,":[7],"often":[8,258],"requiring":[9],"manual":[10,179],"visual":[11],"inspection":[12,180],"by":[13,181],"trained":[14,86],"specialists.":[15],"Automating":[16],"this":[17],"process":[18],"could":[19],"improve":[20],"diagnostic":[21],"workflows":[22],"and":[23,72,110,213,257,276,292,321],"reduce":[24],"variability":[25],"test":[27],"assessments.":[28],"This":[29,184,296],"study":[30,264],"aimed":[31],"to":[32,36,41,136,160,269,303],"apply":[33],"transfer":[34,305],"learning":[35,306],"convolutional":[37],"neural":[38],"networks":[39],"(CNNs)":[40],"automate":[42],"the":[43,102,115,124,134,151,176,223,300],"classification":[44],"of":[45,55,101,204,299],"spirometry":[46,57,171,188,216,230,309],"flow-volume":[47,58,310],"curves":[48,59,130,147],"based":[49],"on":[50,99,254,286],"criteria.":[52],"A":[53,201],"total":[54],"5287":[56],"were":[60,85,133,150,281],"divided":[61],"into":[62],"three":[63],"categories:":[64],"(A)":[65],"all":[66],"criteria":[67],"met,":[68],"(B)":[69],"early":[70],"termination,":[71],"(C)":[73],"non-acceptable":[74],"results.":[75],"Six":[76],"CNN":[77,163,206],"models":[78,207],"(VGG16,":[79,208],"InceptionV3,":[80,209],"Xception,":[81,211],"ResNet152V2,":[82,210],"InceptionResNetV2,":[83,212],"DenseNet121)":[84,214],"using":[87,283],"a":[88,237,242,246],"balanced":[89],"dataset":[90,105,228],"after":[91],"data":[92,256,267],"augmentation.":[93],"The":[94,227,263],"models'":[95],"performance":[96],"was":[97],"evaluated":[98],"part":[100],"original":[103],"unbalanced":[104,287],"with":[106,138,154,219],"accuracy,":[107],"precision,":[108],"recall,":[109],"F1-score":[111],"metrics.":[112],"VGG16":[113,220],"achieved":[114],"highest":[116],"accuracy":[117],"at":[118,126,141],"93.9":[119],"%,":[120],"while":[121],"ResNet152V2":[122],"had":[123],"lowest":[125],"83.0":[127],"%.":[128,144,162],"Non-acceptable":[129],"(Group":[131,148],"C)":[132],"easiest":[135],"classify,":[137],"precision":[139,155],"reaching":[140],"least":[142],"87.7":[143],"Early":[145],"termination":[146],"B)":[149],"most":[152],"challenging,":[153],"ranging":[156],"from":[157,232,236],"75.0":[158],"%":[159],"90.3":[161],"models,":[164],"particularly":[165],"VGG16,":[166],"show":[167],"promise":[168],"automating":[170,316],"quality":[172,217,317],"control,":[173,218],"potentially":[174],"reducing":[175,277],"need":[177],"for":[178,215,315],"specialized":[182],"technicians.":[183],"approach":[185],"can":[186],"streamline":[187],"assessments,":[189],"offering":[190],"consistent,":[191],"high-quality":[192],"diagnostics":[193],"even":[194],"non-specialized":[196],"or":[197],"low-resource":[198],"environments.":[199],"\u2022":[200,226,262,279,295],"systematic":[202],"comparison":[203],"six":[205],"emerging":[221],"as":[222],"top":[224],"performer.":[225],"incorporates":[229],"images":[231],"school-aged":[233],"children":[234],"drawn":[235],"general":[238],"population":[239],"rather":[240],"than":[241],"clinical":[243,255,320],"setting,":[244],"filling":[245],"significant":[247],"gap":[248],"research":[250,322],"that":[251],"typically":[252],"focuses":[253],"overlooks":[259],"paediatric":[260],"populations.":[261],"employs":[265],"extensive":[266],"augmentation":[268],"overcome":[270],"class":[271],"imbalance,":[272],"enhancing":[273],"model":[274],"robustness":[275],"bias.":[278],"Models":[280],"benchmarked":[282],"external":[284],"validation":[285],"real-world":[288],"data,":[289],"ensuring":[290],"generalizability":[291],"real-life":[293],"applicability.":[294],"is":[297],"one":[298],"first":[301],"studies":[302],"use":[304],"classifying":[308],"curves,":[311],"showing":[312],"its":[313],"potential":[314],"control":[318],"settings.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}