{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7171463899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252","title":"Real-Time Automated Body Condition Scoring of Dairy Cows in a Commercial Rotary Milking Parlor Using RGB-D Two-Stream Deep Learning","display_name":"Real-Time Automated Body Condition Scoring of Dairy Cows in a Commercial Rotary Milking Parlor Using RGB-D Two-Stream Deep Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7171463899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136795144","display_name":"Alexey Ruchay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126527374","display_name":"Peoples' Friendship University of Russia","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn9h927","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126527374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119341","display_name":"Federal Scientific Center for Biological Systems and Agricultural Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01shdkn71","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119341"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexey Ruchay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg 460000, Russia","Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg 460000, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119341"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126527374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122233313","display_name":"Vladimir Kolpakov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119341","display_name":"Federal Scientific Center for Biological Systems and Agricultural Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01shdkn71","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119341"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Kolpakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg 460000, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg 460000, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119341"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137939223","display_name":"Vitaly Ryazanov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119341","display_name":"Federal Scientific Center for Biological Systems and Agricultural Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01shdkn71","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119341"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitaly Ryazanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg 460000, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg 460000, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119341"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143738113","display_name":"Hao Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052984649","display_name":"Andrea Pezzuolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-9896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Pezzuolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Legnaro 35020, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-9896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Legnaro 35020, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052984649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":{"value":3870,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3870},"apc_paid":{"value":3870,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3870},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79674317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"254","issue":null,"first_page":"112252","last_page":"112252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":0.531499981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":0.531499981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.12890000641345978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12365","display_name":"Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock","score":0.10450000315904617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-milking","display_name":"Automatic milking","score":0.5572999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milking","display_name":"Milking","score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dairy-cattle","display_name":"Dairy cattle","score":0.3336000144481659}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780042802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166154","display_name":"Automatic milking","level":5,"score":0.5572999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933949","display_name":"Milking","level":2,"score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776977481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915","display_name":"Dairy cattle","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.69306480884552}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2240646657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21-76-20014-\\u041F","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324099","funder_display_name":"Russian Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324099","display_name":"Russian Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03y2gwe85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995208780","https://openalex.org/W2036421323","https://openalex.org/W2105936226","https://openalex.org/W2426912893","https://openalex.org/W2766697893","https://openalex.org/W2894984663","https://openalex.org/W2912710050","https://openalex.org/W2972791165","https://openalex.org/W3014652740","https://openalex.org/W3038744459","https://openalex.org/W3108267297","https://openalex.org/W3157078837","https://openalex.org/W3216885847","https://openalex.org/W4200339518","https://openalex.org/W4206104843","https://openalex.org/W4214547580","https://openalex.org/W4311237888","https://openalex.org/W4313217521","https://openalex.org/W4318293870","https://openalex.org/W4387632490","https://openalex.org/W4388534535","https://openalex.org/W4388736147","https://openalex.org/W4391472076","https://openalex.org/W4399368404","https://openalex.org/W4405566533","https://openalex.org/W4412079642","https://openalex.org/W4413060059","https://openalex.org/W4414909345","https://openalex.org/W4416431932","https://openalex.org/W7116206820","https://openalex.org/W7129292006","https://openalex.org/W7133842188"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"body":[1],"condition":[2],"scoring":[3],"(BCS)":[4],"can":[5],"improve":[6],"the":[7,95,106,161,199],"frequency,":[8],"objectivity,":[9],"and":[10,38,63,129,149,153,176,196],"decision-making":[11],"value":[12],"of":[13,186],"dairy":[14,223],"cow":[15,87,122],"monitoring,":[16],"but":[17],"its":[18],"deployment":[19],"in":[20,56],"commercial":[21,58,207],"rotary":[22,59,208],"milking":[23,55,76,209],"parlors":[24],"remains":[25],"challenging":[26],"because":[27],"animals":[28],"are":[29],"imaged":[30],"under":[31,205],"continuous":[32,130],"flow,":[33],"variable":[34],"posture,":[35],"changing":[36],"backgrounds,":[37],"strict":[39],"real-time":[40],"constraints.":[41],"This":[42],"study":[43],"presents":[44],"a":[45,57,134,217],"deployment-oriented":[46],"RGB-D":[47,110,124,192,214],"framework":[48,200],"for":[49,220],"automated":[50,202],"BCS":[51,98,131,203],"estimation":[52,204],"during":[53,73],"routine":[54,206],"parlor.":[60],"Synchronized":[61],"RGB":[62],"depth":[64],"images":[65],"were":[66,92],"acquired":[67],"with":[68,100,138,151,164],"an":[69,146,183],"overhead":[70],"Kinect":[71],"sensor":[72],"three":[74],"daily":[75],"sessions,":[77],"while":[78,181],"RFID-triggered":[79],"acquisition":[80],"linked":[81],"each":[82],"image":[83,111],"pair":[84],"to":[85],"individual":[86],"identity.":[88],"Expert":[89],"reference":[90],"scores":[91],"assigned":[93],"using":[94,133,145],"Ferguson":[96],"five-point":[97],"protocol":[99],"0.25-unit":[101],"increments.":[102],"After":[103],"quality":[104],"control,":[105],"dataset":[107,215],"comprised":[108],"25,700":[109],"pairs":[112],"from":[113],"1,025":[114],"lactating":[115],"cows.":[116],"The":[117,157,211],"proposed":[118],"pipeline":[119],"integrates":[120],"YOLOv26l-based":[121],"localization,":[123],"region-of-interest":[125],"alignment,":[126],"pad-and-resize":[127],"preprocessing,":[128],"regression":[132],"Two-Stream":[135,158],"ResNet18":[136,159],"architecture":[137],"late":[139],"feature":[140],"fusion.":[141],"Performance":[142],"was":[143],"assessed":[144],"animal-wise":[147],"split":[148],"compared":[150],"single-modality":[152],"alternative":[154],"backbone":[155],"models.":[156],"achieved":[160],"best":[162],"performance,":[163],"MAE":[165],"=":[166,169,173,178],"0.076,":[167],"Accuracy0":[168],"83.6":[170],"%,":[171,175,180],"Accuracy0.25":[172],"95.76":[174],"Accuracy0.50":[177],"99.35":[179],"maintaining":[182],"end-to-end":[184],"latency":[185],"95.0":[187],"ms.":[188],"By":[189],"combining":[190],"RFID-linked":[191],"sensing,":[193],"modality-aligned":[194],"fusion,":[195],"low-latency":[197],"inference,":[198],"enables":[201],"conditions.":[210],"resulting":[212],"industrial-scale":[213],"provides":[216],"reproducible":[218],"benchmark":[219],"future":[221],"precision":[222],"monitoring":[224],"systems.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-07-28T00:00:00"}
