{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163666428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111994","title":"Research on an automatic steering control strategy for unmanned tractors based on IDDPG-PID algorithm","display_name":"Research on an automatic steering control strategy for unmanned tractors based on IDDPG-PID algorithm","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163666428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083616158","display_name":"Yangjie Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9944-1364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yangjie Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9944-1364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137930690","display_name":"Chuanlong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanlong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137934706","display_name":"Wenjie Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633632","display_name":"Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-5359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024728262","display_name":"Lianjie Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianjie Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038180321","display_name":"Xiaobo Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-7014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441502","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7800-3189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenkai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138005875","display_name":"Hui Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137962214","display_name":"Ruihong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruihong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083616158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"],"apc_list":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67975133,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"251","issue":null,"first_page":"111994","last_page":"111994"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.24150000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.24150000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11978","display_name":"Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics","score":0.19779999554157257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11615","display_name":"Control and Dynamics of Mobile Robots","score":0.14339999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.7411999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.603600025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overshoot","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.35120001435279846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.7411999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.603600025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113957","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","level":2,"score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5300999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165646398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3755281","display_name":"Minimum-variance unbiased estimator","level":3,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11394606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1972552","display_name":"Hydraulic machinery","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776068756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368584","display_name":"Automated guided vehicle","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36662352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008560","display_name":"Sliding mode control","level":3,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183356978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779213","display_name":"Tracking error","level":3,"score":0.26010000705718994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995219242","https://openalex.org/W2028652299","https://openalex.org/W2974959045","https://openalex.org/W3155824097","https://openalex.org/W3212594158","https://openalex.org/W3216094759","https://openalex.org/W4225922125","https://openalex.org/W4226254063","https://openalex.org/W4243603156","https://openalex.org/W4282974826","https://openalex.org/W4322502496","https://openalex.org/W4366089066","https://openalex.org/W4390558524","https://openalex.org/W4391139563","https://openalex.org/W4392600104","https://openalex.org/W4395110939","https://openalex.org/W4395956864","https://openalex.org/W4396689868","https://openalex.org/W4398217048","https://openalex.org/W4401897692","https://openalex.org/W4402630870","https://openalex.org/W4404437860","https://openalex.org/W4406786802","https://openalex.org/W4407349753","https://openalex.org/W4408253592","https://openalex.org/W4408811734","https://openalex.org/W4410020155","https://openalex.org/W4411346651","https://openalex.org/W4412156492","https://openalex.org/W4412455170","https://openalex.org/W4415210002","https://openalex.org/W7134057781"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T06:31:04.898241","created_date":"2026-06-06T00:00:00"}