{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163736855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969","title":"Modeling PPFD propagation and transmittance in ePAR spectrum for canopy and intra-canopy adaptive greenhouse lighting","display_name":"Modeling PPFD propagation and transmittance in ePAR spectrum for canopy and intra-canopy adaptive greenhouse lighting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163736855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094582980","display_name":"Cristian Bua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2300-0257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Bua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138067110","display_name":"Yibin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137074720","display_name":"Mike O. Ojo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-1902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike O. Ojo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071321019","display_name":"Al Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2168-2840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Al Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021026284","display_name":"Stefano Giordano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1408-7528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Giordano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138036946","display_name":"Azlan Zahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6202-8680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173268674","display_name":"Texas A&M University System","ror":"https://ror.org/0034eay46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Azlan Zahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6202-8680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX 75252, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5138036946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173268674"],"apc_list":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"apc_paid":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73353896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"251","issue":null,"first_page":"111969","last_page":"111969"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.7603999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.7603999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11268","display_name":"Light effects on plants","score":0.06849999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse","display_name":"Greenhouse","score":0.7705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmittance","display_name":"Transmittance","score":0.6931999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.6913999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","score":0.30869999527931213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32198211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165044","display_name":"Greenhouse","level":2,"score":0.7705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150493377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427863","display_name":"Transmittance","level":2,"score":0.6931999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.6913999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5860999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993375840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Plant canopy","level":3,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968914397","https://openalex.org/W1978160572","https://openalex.org/W1983981740","https://openalex.org/W1985371153","https://openalex.org/W1990011191","https://openalex.org/W2066612219","https://openalex.org/W2068014726","https://openalex.org/W2403889334","https://openalex.org/W2616495984","https://openalex.org/W2793470023","https://openalex.org/W2905237321","https://openalex.org/W2972211871","https://openalex.org/W2983692033","https://openalex.org/W3048223808","https://openalex.org/W3080548185","https://openalex.org/W3092647370","https://openalex.org/W3096421494","https://openalex.org/W3185544866","https://openalex.org/W3201644601","https://openalex.org/W4387881797","https://openalex.org/W4389278993","https://openalex.org/W4392820795","https://openalex.org/W4401628727","https://openalex.org/W4402765723","https://openalex.org/W4404061011","https://openalex.org/W4412076778"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supplemental":[0],"light":[1,75,229],"is":[2],"a":[3,10,62,91],"fundamental":[4],"driver":[5],"of":[6,68,81,101,189,223],"plant":[7],"growth":[8],"and":[9,34,51,73,89,99,135,142,164,181,211],"key":[11],"variable":[12],"in":[13,17,160,167,231],"optimizing":[14],"crop":[15],"productivity":[16],"controlled":[18],"environments.":[19,234],"Light-emitting":[20],"diodes":[21],"(LEDs),":[22],"operating":[23],"across":[24,114,171],"distinct":[25],"spectral":[26,129,173],"channels,":[27],"are":[28],"widely":[29],"adopted":[30],"for":[31,71,95,127,215,227],"their":[32,136],"efficiency":[33],"demonstrated":[35,154],"benefits.":[36],"However,":[37],"conventional":[38],"top-lighting":[39],"often":[40],"produces":[41],"non-uniform":[42],"distribution,":[43],"with":[44,150,179],"excessive":[45],"interception":[46],"at":[47],"the":[48,66,97,115,213,221],"upper":[49],"canopy":[50],"insufficient":[52],"penetration":[53],"into":[54],"lower":[55],"leaves.":[56],"Intra-canopy":[57],"lighting":[58,218],"has":[59],"emerged":[60],"as":[61],"promising":[63],"solution,":[64],"yet":[65],"absence":[67],"rigorous":[69],"models":[70],"spatial":[72,140,161],"vertical":[74,143,168],"distribution":[76,141],"continues":[77],"to":[78,200],"limit":[79],"optimization":[80],"supplemental":[82,217],"lighting.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85],"study,":[86],"we":[87],"present":[88],"validate":[90],"unified":[92],"mathematical":[93],"framework":[94],"modeling":[96],"propagation":[98],"transmittance":[100],"photosynthetic":[102],"photon":[103],"flux":[104],"density":[105],"(PPFD,":[106],"\u03bc":[107,193],"mol":[108],"s":[109,194],"\u22121":[110],"m":[111],"\u22122":[112],")":[113],"extended":[116],"Photosynthetically":[117],"Active":[118],"Radiation":[119],"(ePAR)":[120],"spectrum":[121],"(400\u2013750":[122],"nm).":[123],"The":[124,175,204],"model":[125,206],"accounts":[126],"individual":[128],"channels":[130],"(blue,":[131],"red,":[132],"far-red,":[133],"white)":[134],"combinations,":[137],"simulating":[138],"three-dimensional":[139],"PPFD":[144,163,169,196,209],"profiles":[145],"along":[146],"tomato":[147],"plants.":[148],"Validation":[149],"multi-lamp":[151],"experimental":[152],"data":[153],"mean":[155],"percentage":[156],"errors":[157],"below":[158,165],"1%":[159],"top-canopy":[162],"2.5%":[166],"transmittance,":[170],"all":[172],"channels.":[174],"proposed":[176,205],"algorithm":[177],"operates":[178],"low":[180],"linear":[182],"computational":[183],"overhead,":[184],"achieving":[185],"average":[186],"execution":[187],"times":[188],"27":[190],"\u00b1":[191],"10":[192],"per":[195],"point,":[197],"ensuring":[198],"scalability":[199],"large":[201],"greenhouse":[202,233],"systems.":[203],"enables":[207],"precise":[208],"monitoring":[210],"provides":[212],"basis":[214],"advanced":[216],"strategies,":[219],"supporting":[220],"integration":[222],"real-time":[224],"digital":[225],"twins":[226],"adaptive":[228],"management":[230],"smart":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-06-07T00:00:00"}