{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7149508285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736","title":"Design and development of a low-cost industrial prototype of spot-specific spraying system for potato weed detection using deep learning","display_name":"Design and development of a low-cost industrial prototype of spot-specific spraying system for potato weed detection using deep learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7149508285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048365915","display_name":"Faiza Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3603-7793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200749728","display_name":"Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University","ror":"https://ror.org/035zn2q74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiza Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3603-7793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076310108","display_name":"Muhammad Naveed Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6495-5039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200749728","display_name":"Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University","ror":"https://ror.org/035zn2q74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Naveed Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6495-5039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132947734","display_name":"Muhammad Aqib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200749728","display_name":"Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University","ror":"https://ror.org/035zn2q74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Aqib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Establishment of National Center for Industrial Biotechnology (NCIB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6140-3397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Establishment of National Center for Industrial Biotechnology (NCIB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132951414","display_name":"Yubin Lan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubin Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055315800","display_name":"Noureen Zafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-8118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200749728","display_name":"Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University","ror":"https://ror.org/035zn2q74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noureen Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068473258","display_name":"Shoaib Rashid Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0219-6866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200749728","display_name":"Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University","ror":"https://ror.org/035zn2q74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoaib Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081413418","display_name":"Zainab Haroon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7253-4146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200749728","display_name":"Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University","ror":"https://ror.org/035zn2q74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zainab Haroon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data-Driven Smart Decision Platform, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132924605","display_name":"Wenjiang Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076310108","https://openalex.org/A5132947734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"],"apc_list":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"apc_paid":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76808058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"247","issue":null,"first_page":"111736","last_page":"111736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.7444000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.7444000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12161","display_name":"Plant Surface Properties and Treatments","score":0.19439999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12660","display_name":"Plant Disease Management Techniques","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6847000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weed","display_name":"Weed","score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weed-control","display_name":"Weed control","score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-development","display_name":"Technology development","score":0.2827000021934509}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6847000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775891814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101879","display_name":"Weed","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147273371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2739141","display_name":"Weed control","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988118331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q276099","display_name":"Technology development","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509720469","https://openalex.org/W2520364485","https://openalex.org/W2586062600","https://openalex.org/W2767767563","https://openalex.org/W2789255992","https://openalex.org/W2790858865","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2799973659","https://openalex.org/W2896292343","https://openalex.org/W2898160089","https://openalex.org/W2903449250","https://openalex.org/W2906494726","https://openalex.org/W2908783980","https://openalex.org/W2934881312","https://openalex.org/W3030649873","https://openalex.org/W3111188917","https://openalex.org/W3111839927","https://openalex.org/W3165807380","https://openalex.org/W3212262168","https://openalex.org/W3216900205","https://openalex.org/W4221007826","https://openalex.org/W4297147452","https://openalex.org/W4309012578","https://openalex.org/W4310117546","https://openalex.org/W4311951468","https://openalex.org/W4321597819","https://openalex.org/W4366422633","https://openalex.org/W4385342119","https://openalex.org/W4389870313","https://openalex.org/W4390939348","https://openalex.org/W4401251288","https://openalex.org/W4404901521","https://openalex.org/W4407837002","https://openalex.org/W4407839393","https://openalex.org/W4408631861","https://openalex.org/W4412622097","https://openalex.org/W4413755056"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"sprayers":[1],"uniformly":[2],"distribute":[3],"agrochemicals":[4],"on":[5,74],"crops,":[6],"even":[7],"though":[8],"weed":[9,65,136,263],"distribution":[10],"is":[11,37,176,208],"typically":[12],"patchy,":[13],"leading":[14,240],"to":[15,27,38,62,67,214,241,282],"increased":[16],"costs":[17],"and":[18,43,98,108,119,149,157,201],"environmental":[19,248],"pollution.":[20],"Spot-specific":[21,251],"AI-driven":[22],"sprayer":[23,181,228,252],"offers":[24],"a":[25,40,79,82,233],"solution":[26],"optimize":[28],"this":[29,35,212],"challenge.":[30],"The":[31,59,122,191,206,221],"primary":[32],"objective":[33],"of":[34,47,72,116,144,162,186,219],"research":[36],"develop":[39],"low-cost,":[41],"smart,":[42],"fast-response":[44],"industrial":[45],"prototype":[46],"the":[48,69,88,126,135,140,160,163,168,171,179,195,198,203,216,225,247,280],"spot-specific":[49,180,227],"spraying":[50,274],"system":[51,182,192,213,229,253],"integrated":[52,177,260],"with":[53,178,279],"deep":[54],"learning-based":[55],"object":[56],"detection":[57,110,114,131,173,185],"techniques.":[58],"study":[60],"aims":[61],"distinguish":[63],"various":[64,93],"species":[66],"enable":[68],"precise":[70,217,262],"application":[71,218],"herbicides":[73],"potato":[75,90,189,199],"crops.":[76],"To":[77],"ensure":[78,215],"real-world":[80],"representation,":[81],"diverse":[83],"dataset":[84],"was":[85,102],"collected":[86],"from":[87],"real":[89],"fields,":[91],"covering":[92],"climatic":[94],"conditions,":[95],"irrigation":[96],"methods,":[97],"timestamps.":[99],"This":[100],"data":[101],"utilized":[103],"for":[104,183,210,261],"training":[105],"YOLOv8,":[106],"YOLOv9,":[107],"YOLOv12":[109,127,165,258],"models,":[111],"resulting":[112],"in":[113,188,197,237],"accuracies":[115],"90%,":[117],"92%,":[118],"93%":[120],"respectively.":[121],"results":[123,222],"indicate":[124,223],"that":[125,224],"model":[128,174,259,269],"obtained":[129],"higher":[130],"accuracy":[132],"while":[133],"localizing":[134],"instances":[137],"accurately.":[138],"Additionally,":[139],"average":[141],"processing":[142],"speed":[143],"35":[145],"frames":[146],"per":[147],"second":[148],"320":[150],"ms":[151],"lag":[152],"time":[153],"between":[154],"image":[155],"acquisition":[156],"activation":[158],"demonstrate":[159],"efficacy":[161],"adopted":[164],"model.":[166],"Following":[167],"result":[169],"analysis,":[170],"high":[172],"(YOLOv12)":[175],"real-time":[184],"weeds":[187,196],"fields.":[190],"accurately":[193],"identified":[194],"field":[200],"triggered":[202],"nozzles":[204],"accordingly.":[205],"microcontroller":[207],"responsible":[209],"controlling":[211],"weedicide.":[220],"developed":[226],"not":[230],"only":[231],"achieves":[232],"nearly":[234],"40%":[235],"reduction":[236],"herbicide":[238,255],"usage,":[239],"cost":[242,284],"savings,":[243],"but":[244],"also":[245],"reduces":[246],"impact.":[249],"\u2022":[250,257,265,271,276],"minimizes":[254],"usage.":[256],"detection.":[264],"Data":[266],"augmentation":[267],"improves":[268],"accuracy.":[270],"Outperforms":[272],"traditional":[273],"methods.":[275],"Real-world":[277],"implementation":[278],"potential":[281],"achieve":[283],"reductions.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T05:59:17.497350","created_date":"2026-04-05T00:00:00"}
