{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143344963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719","title":"Data-driven greenhouse climate regulation in lettuce cultivation using BiLSTM and GRU predictive control","display_name":"Data-driven greenhouse climate regulation in lettuce cultivation using BiLSTM and GRU predictive control","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143344963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039845088","display_name":"Soumo Emmanuel Arnaud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soumo Emmanuel Arnaud","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lincoln, School of Engineering, Physical Science and Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lincoln, School of Engineering, Physical Science and Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008979319","display_name":"Marcello Calisti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-188X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300504238","display_name":"Piaggio (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r254y42","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300504238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116474","display_name":"Center for Micro-BioRobotics","ror":"https://ror.org/02nbgxg43","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210116474"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcello Calisti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300504238","https://openalex.org/I4210116474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035674889","display_name":"Athanasios Polydoros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4597-0567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athanasios Polydoros","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lincoln, School of Engineering, Physical Science and Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lincoln, School of Engineering, Physical Science and Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039845088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"apc_list":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"apc_paid":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84501874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"247","issue":null,"first_page":"111719","last_page":"111719"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.8366000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.8366000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.08340000361204147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":0.019600000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse","display_name":"Greenhouse","score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.37929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-control","display_name":"Automatic control","score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.2935999929904938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32198211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165044","display_name":"Greenhouse","level":2,"score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.37929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167123822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automatic control","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993273313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61875819","display_name":"Chemical control","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8305138945579529,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973944436","https://openalex.org/W2027385583","https://openalex.org/W2028633948","https://openalex.org/W2104471820","https://openalex.org/W2117677281","https://openalex.org/W2123871098","https://openalex.org/W2152239121","https://openalex.org/W2205618567","https://openalex.org/W2590912477","https://openalex.org/W2770792914","https://openalex.org/W2842089854","https://openalex.org/W2900380956","https://openalex.org/W2970069499","https://openalex.org/W3005448318","https://openalex.org/W3042656839","https://openalex.org/W3109365969","https://openalex.org/W3143071409","https://openalex.org/W3153561038","https://openalex.org/W3154832311","https://openalex.org/W3210453947","https://openalex.org/W3211676960","https://openalex.org/W4210968671","https://openalex.org/W4214616180","https://openalex.org/W4282918125","https://openalex.org/W4303649638","https://openalex.org/W4307142726","https://openalex.org/W4312008291","https://openalex.org/W4312567818","https://openalex.org/W4366091323","https://openalex.org/W4376126145","https://openalex.org/W4385234482","https://openalex.org/W4388326263","https://openalex.org/W4390494529","https://openalex.org/W4392201328","https://openalex.org/W4413386164"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"greenhouse":[1,26,96,221,236,283],"management":[2],"is":[3],"essential":[4],"for":[5,14,36,219,235,281],"sustainable":[6],"food":[7],"production,":[8],"but":[9],"the":[10,150,206],"high":[11,269],"energy":[12,136],"demand":[13],"climate":[15,222,237,243],"regulation":[16],"poses":[17],"significant":[18],"economic":[19,273],"and":[20,56,88,105,129,138,152,172,215,230,272],"environmental":[21,84],"challenges.":[22],"While":[23],"traditional":[24],"process-based":[25],"models":[27,232,267],"exist,":[28],"they":[29],"are":[30],"often":[31],"too":[32],"complex":[33],"or":[34],"imprecise":[35],"reliable":[37],"control.":[38,239,284],"To":[39],"address":[40],"this,":[41],"our":[42],"study":[43],"introduces":[44],"a":[45,64,75,157,213,278],"novel":[46],"data-driven":[47],"predictive":[48,209,238],"control":[49,210],"framework":[50],"using":[51],"Long":[52],"Short-Term":[53],"Memory":[54],"(LSTM)":[55],"Gated":[57],"Recurrent":[58],"Unit":[59],"(GRU)":[60,171],"neural":[61],"networks":[62,90,117],"within":[63],"Model":[65],"Predictive":[66],"Control":[67],"(MPC)":[68,168],"architecture.":[69],"Training":[70],"data":[71],"were":[72,91,118,179,233],"generated":[73],"from":[74,166],"validated":[76],"dynamic":[77],"model":[78],"simulating":[79],"lettuce":[80],"cultivation":[81],"under":[82,224],"various":[83],"conditions.":[85],"The":[86,186],"LSTM":[87,199,231,249,261],"GRU":[89,187,229,241,254,276],"trained":[92],"to":[93,125,134,169,192,248],"predict":[94],"future":[95],"states":[97],"\u2014":[98,109],"including":[99],"temperature,":[100],"humidity,":[101],"CO":[102,130],"2":[103,131,182],"concentration,":[104],"crop":[106,140,270],"dry":[107],"matter":[108],"with":[110],"robustness":[111],"confirmed":[112],"via":[113],"10-fold":[114],"cross-validation.":[115],"These":[116],"embedded":[119],"into":[120],"an":[121],"online":[122],"MPC":[123,159],"controller":[124,188],"optimize":[126],"heating,":[127],"ventilation,":[128],"injection,":[132],"aiming":[133],"minimize":[135],"consumption":[137],"maximize":[139],"yield":[141,271],"while":[142,175,250],"respecting":[143],"biological":[144],"constraints.":[145,227],"Results":[146],"showed":[147],"that":[148],"both":[149],"LSTM-":[151],"GRU-based":[153],"controllers":[154],"significantly":[155],"outperformed":[156],"conventional":[158],"baseline.":[160],"For":[161],"example,":[162],"humidity":[163],"violations":[164,244],"dropped":[165],"54.77%":[167],"15.45%":[170],"17.71%":[173],"(LSTM),":[174],"day\u2013night":[176],"temperature":[177],"deviations":[178],"kept":[180],"below":[181],"\u2218":[183],"C":[184],".":[185],"further":[189],"achieved":[190],"up":[191],"40%":[193,256],"lower":[194],"computation":[195,258],"time":[196,259],"than":[197,260],"its":[198,202],"counterpart,":[200],"confirming":[201],"real-time":[203,263],"feasibility.":[204],"Overall,":[205],"proposed":[207],"GRU-driven":[208],"approach":[211],"offers":[212,277],"robust":[214],"computationally":[216],"efficient":[217],"solution":[218,280],"intelligent":[220],"automation":[223],"practical":[225,279],"operational":[226],"\u2022":[228,240,253,265,275],"applied":[234],"reduced":[242],"by":[245],"5%":[246],"compared":[247],"matching":[251],"yield.":[252],"required":[255],"less":[257],"in":[262],"scenarios.":[264],"Both":[266],"maintained":[268],"performance.":[274],"energy-efficient":[282]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-02-07T00:00:00"}
