{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140222055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612","title":"Performance assessment of no-fee GNSS augmentation systems for tractor guidance","display_name":"Performance assessment of no-fee GNSS augmentation systems for tractor guidance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140222055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jaime Gomez-Gil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-0148"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Gomez-Gil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Teor\u00eda de la Se\u00f1al, Comunicaciones e Ingenier\u00eda Telem\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valladolid, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain","Instituto de Neurociencia de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-0148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Teor\u00eda de la Se\u00f1al, Comunicaciones e Ingenier\u00eda Telem\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valladolid, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Neurociencia de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Angel Alonso-Garcia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angel Alonso-Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electromec\u00e1nica, Universidad de Burgos, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Avda. Cantabria s/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain","Departamento de Teor\u00eda de la Se\u00f1al, Comunicaciones e Ingenier\u00eda Telem\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valladolid, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electromec\u00e1nica, Universidad de Burgos, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Avda. Cantabria s/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Teor\u00eda de la Se\u00f1al, Comunicaciones e Ingenier\u00eda Telem\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valladolid, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sergio Alonso-Garcia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Alonso-Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Teor\u00eda de la Se\u00f1al, Comunicaciones e Ingenier\u00eda Telem\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valladolid, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain","Empresa TractorDrive, Parque Empresarial La Carpetania, Avenida Leonardo Da Vinci 8, Local B3, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Teor\u00eda de la Se\u00f1al, Comunicaciones e Ingenier\u00eda Telem\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valladolid, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Empresa TractorDrive, Parque Empresarial La Carpetania, Avenida Leonardo Da Vinci 8, Local B3, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fco. Javier Gomez-Gil","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fco. Javier Gomez-Gil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electromec\u00e1nica, Universidad de Burgos, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Avda. Cantabria s/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain","Instituto de Neurociencia de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electromec\u00e1nica, Universidad de Burgos, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Avda. Cantabria s/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Neurociencia de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"apc_paid":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65569063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"247","issue":null,"first_page":"111612","last_page":"111612"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11978","display_name":"Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics","score":0.5806999802589417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11978","display_name":"Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics","score":0.5806999802589417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12732","display_name":"Agriculture and Farm Safety","score":0.08709999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12161","display_name":"Plant Surface Properties and Treatments","score":0.04490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tractor","display_name":"Tractor","score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-kinematic","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guidance-system","display_name":"Guidance system","score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.40209999680519104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780427559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39495","display_name":"Tractor","level":2,"score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201004817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707071","display_name":"Guidance system","level":2,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777943292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3319996","display_name":"Flight test","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102451475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486250","display_name":"GLONASS","level":4,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.28060001134872437}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gredos.usal.es:10366/171017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196290","display_name":"Gredos (University of Salamanca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.405151903629303,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8521926024","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEl/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8994758847","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TED2021-131551B-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973356170","https://openalex.org/W1993546116","https://openalex.org/W2036124954","https://openalex.org/W2052668149","https://openalex.org/W2053053682","https://openalex.org/W2415082172","https://openalex.org/W2753500936","https://openalex.org/W2797371909","https://openalex.org/W2896290230","https://openalex.org/W2913838571","https://openalex.org/W2947996440","https://openalex.org/W2963520944","https://openalex.org/W2987831449","https://openalex.org/W3034309878","https://openalex.org/W3035466976","https://openalex.org/W3041528951","https://openalex.org/W3041536341","https://openalex.org/W3049108310","https://openalex.org/W3112524124","https://openalex.org/W3131240522","https://openalex.org/W3190327805","https://openalex.org/W3213371914","https://openalex.org/W3217634559","https://openalex.org/W4200444056","https://openalex.org/W4205369109","https://openalex.org/W4254580255","https://openalex.org/W4281256435","https://openalex.org/W4281740223","https://openalex.org/W4287877695","https://openalex.org/W4315701334","https://openalex.org/W4362611866","https://openalex.org/W4388139690","https://openalex.org/W4391509535","https://openalex.org/W4394874774","https://openalex.org/W4401055748","https://openalex.org/W4404587036","https://openalex.org/W4408410012"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0,17,28,42,51],"Unaugmented":[1],"GNSS":[2,74,106,153,167],"gives":[3],"2\u20133":[4,173,239],"m":[5,11,178],"guidance":[6,20,31,53,97,146,170,190,197,216,257,278],"errors,":[7,300],"reduced":[8,175,188,196],"below":[9,33,176,200],"1":[10,57,177,255],"for":[12,36,59,77,203],"pass-to-pass":[13,37,180,204],"<":[14,39,235],"15":[15,40,184,208],"min.":[16,41],"EGNOS":[18,187,267],"reduces":[19,30],"errors":[21,32,54,171,191,198,279],"by":[22,192],"\u223c40%":[23],"compared":[24],"with":[25,47,64,151,210,246,266,274],"unaugmented":[26,166],"GNSS.":[27],"GLIDE":[29,195,275],"20":[34,201,236],"cm":[35,58,202,256],"intervals":[38,181,205],"VRS-NRTK":[43,242,291],"slightly":[44,243],"outperforms":[45],"RTK":[46,52,61,90,215,245,253,289],"similar":[48,247],"baseline":[49,65,220,248],"lengths.":[50],"begin":[55],"at":[56],"on-site":[60,89,252,288],"and":[62,88,96,101,115,158,234,250,284],"grow":[63],"length.":[66],"This":[67],"study":[68],"assesses":[69],"the":[70,141,281],"performance":[71],"of":[72,124,172],"no-fee":[73,81],"augmentation":[75,82,264],"systems":[76],"tractor":[78,149,305],"guidance.":[79],"Five":[80],"systems:":[83],"EGNOS,":[84],"GLIDE,":[85],"RTK,":[86],"VRS-NRTK,":[87],"were":[91],"evaluated":[92],"in":[93,169,179,269,280],"both":[94],"static":[95],"tests":[98,120,136],"over":[99],"short-":[100],"long\u2011term":[102],"periods":[103],"using":[104,147,287],"three":[105],"receiver":[107],"types:":[108],"low-cost":[109,261],"Navilock":[110],"NL8022MP,":[111],"mid-range":[112,272],"Novatel":[113],"Smart2,":[114],"high-end":[116,285],"Harxon":[117],"TS108PRO.":[118],"Static":[119],"recorded":[121,137],"24":[122],"h":[123],"position":[125],"data":[126,139],"from":[127,140],"14":[128,142],"receiver-augmentation":[129],"configurations":[130,143],"on":[131,292],"a":[132,148],"fixed":[133],"surface.":[134],"Guidance":[135],"trajectory":[138],"during":[144],"straight-line":[145],"equipped":[150],"two":[152],"receivers,":[154],"one":[155,159],"under":[156],"test":[157],"high-precision":[160],"reference.":[161],"Results":[162],"found":[163],"that:":[164],"(i)":[165],"resulted":[168],"m,":[174],"shorter":[182,206],"than":[183,207],"min;":[185],"(ii)":[186],"these":[189],"\u223c41%;":[193],"(iii)":[194],"to":[199,295,303,309],"min,":[209],"no":[211],"long-term":[212],"improvement;":[213],"(iv)":[214],"error":[217],"decreased":[218],"as":[219],"length":[221],"shortened:":[222],">100":[223],"km":[224,230,237,297],"yielded":[225,231,238],">":[226],"17":[227],"cm,":[228,233],"20\u2013100":[229],"3\u201320":[232],"cm;":[240],"(v)":[241],"outperformed":[244],"lengths;":[249],"(vi)":[251],"enabled":[254],"error.":[258],"In":[259],"summary:":[260],"receivers":[262,273,286],"without":[263],"or":[265,290],"result":[268],"metre-level":[270],"errors;":[271],"deliver":[276],"decimetre-level":[277],"short":[282],"term;":[283],"baselines":[293],"up":[294],"100":[296],"achieve":[298],"centimetre-level":[299],"enabling":[301],"farmers":[302],"replicate":[304],"trajectories":[306],"consistently":[307],"year":[308],"year.":[310]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:09:30.665167","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}