{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161266745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383","title":"Emulating large LEO satellite networks with eBPF","display_name":"Emulating large LEO satellite networks with eBPF","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161266745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63392143","display_name":"Computer Networks","issn_l":"1389-1286","issn":["1389-1286","1872-7069"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136196619","display_name":"Juan Pedro Mu\u00f1oz-Gea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8342-4797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123212020","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5kx966","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Pedro Mu\u00f1oz-Gea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, member of European University of Technology EUt+, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Antiguo Cuartel de Antigones, Cartagena, 30202, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8342-4797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, member of European University of Technology EUt+, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Antiguo Cuartel de Antigones, Cartagena, 30202, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136201247","display_name":"Josemaria Malgosa-Sanahuja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123212020","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5kx966","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josemaria Malgosa-Sanahuja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, member of European University of Technology EUt+, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Antiguo Cuartel de Antigones, Cartagena, 30202, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8137-1089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, member of European University of Technology EUt+, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Antiguo Cuartel de Antigones, Cartagena, 30202, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136193353","display_name":"Pilar Manzanares-Lopez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123212020","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5kx966","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pilar Manzanares-Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, member of European University of Technology EUt+, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Antiguo Cuartel de Antigones, Cartagena, 30202, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-7158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, member of European University of Technology EUt+, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Antiguo Cuartel de Antigones, Cartagena, 30202, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136196619"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"],"apc_list":{"value":2370,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2370},"apc_paid":{"value":2370,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2370},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"285","issue":null,"first_page":"112383","last_page":"112383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.8859000205993652,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.8859000205993652,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.03420000150799751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethernet","display_name":"Ethernet","score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-virtualization","display_name":"Network virtualization","score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.3337000012397766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8661999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172173386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79984","display_name":"Ethernet","level":2,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4562000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779898492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Network virtualization","level":4,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63392143","display_name":"Computer Networks","issn_l":"1389-1286","issn":["1389-1286","1872-7069"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.upct.es:10317/24060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10317/24060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401372","display_name":"Digital Repository (Polytechnic University of Cartagena)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3123212020","host_organization_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2026.112383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63392143","display_name":"Computer Networks","issn_l":"1389-1286","issn":["1389-1286","1872-7069"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009266039","https://openalex.org/W2743636099","https://openalex.org/W2941952695","https://openalex.org/W3088526311","https://openalex.org/W3193172563","https://openalex.org/W4210524341","https://openalex.org/W4223889491","https://openalex.org/W4313168731","https://openalex.org/W4313195381","https://openalex.org/W4385894332","https://openalex.org/W4399254264","https://openalex.org/W4407246932","https://openalex.org/W4410949841","https://openalex.org/W4412408552","https://openalex.org/W4416659417"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,188],"rapid":[1],"expansion":[2],"of":[3,13,24,79,83,124,168],"Low-Earth-Orbit":[4],"(LEO)":[5],"satellite":[6],"networks":[7,26],"is":[8],"critical":[9],"for":[10,30,156],"the":[11,20],"advancement":[12],"beyond-6G":[14],"(B6G)":[15],"and":[16,36,88,90,94,113,126,136,153,159,193],"IoT":[17],"systems.":[18],"However,":[19],"highly":[21],"dynamic":[22,92],"nature":[23],"LEO":[25,40,59,70,163],"presents":[27],"significant":[28],"challenges":[29],"network":[31,60,177],"protocols,":[32],"including":[33],"routing,":[34],"handovers,":[35],"delay":[37,182],"management.":[38],"Existing":[39],"emulation":[41,167],"tools":[42,99],"struggle":[43],"to":[44,47,63,108,122,174],"efficiently":[45,120],"scale":[46],"large":[48],"constellations.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53],"present":[54],"bLEO,":[55],"a":[56,150],"novel":[57],"eBPF-based":[58],"emulator":[61,178,189],"designed":[62],"address":[64],"these":[65],"challenges.":[66],"bLEO":[67,105,119,148],"can":[68,190],"emulate":[69],"constellations":[71],"defined":[72],"through":[73,133],"configurable":[74],"orbital":[75,80],"parameters":[76],"(e.g.,":[77],"number":[78,82],"planes,":[81],"satellites":[84,125],"per":[85],"plane,":[86],"altitude,":[87],"inclination)":[89],"with":[91],"inter-satellite":[93],"ground-satellite":[95],"connectivity.":[96],"Unlike":[97],"traditional":[98],"that":[100,147],"rely":[101],"on":[102],"tc-netem":[103],",":[104],"leverages":[106],"eBPF":[107,172],"dynamically":[109],"manage":[110],"propagation":[111],"delays":[112],"link":[114],"states":[115],"in":[116,161],"real":[117],"time.":[118],"scales":[121],"thousands":[123],"ground":[127],"stations":[128],"while":[129],"maintaining":[130],"high":[131],"performance":[132],"container-based":[134],"virtualization":[135],"direct":[137],"virtual":[138],"Ethernet":[139],"(":[140,179],"veth":[141],")":[142,181],"links.":[143],"Our":[144],"evaluation":[145],"demonstrates":[146],"provides":[149],"scalable,":[151],"accurate,":[152],"resource-efficient":[154],"solution":[155],"testing":[157],"protocols":[158],"applications":[160],"large-scale":[162,169],"networks.":[164,170],"\u2022":[165,171,184],"High-performance":[166],"applied":[173],"overcome":[175],"Linux":[176],"netem":[180],"restrictions.":[183],"Open":[185],"source":[186],"development.":[187],"be":[191],"download":[192],"freely":[194],"redistributed.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-25T08:39:21.599409","created_date":"2026-05-16T00:00:00"}
