{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412439279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180","title":"Self-disclosure to AI: People provide personal information to AI and humans equivalently","display_name":"Self-disclosure to AI: People provide personal information to AI and humans equivalently","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412439279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287529","display_name":"Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans","issn_l":"2949-8821","issn":["2949-8821"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118993142","display_name":"Elizabeth R. Merwin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth R. Merwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 1 Aerospace Boulevard, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114-3900, USA","Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1556-190X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 1 Aerospace Boulevard, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114-3900, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118993143","display_name":"Allen C. Hagen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen C. Hagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046213293","display_name":"Joseph R. Keebler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2246-7472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph R. Keebler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 1 Aerospace Boulevard, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114-3900, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 1 Aerospace Boulevard, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114-3900, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102931799","display_name":"Chad E. Forbes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-0569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chad Forbes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA","Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118993142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739","https://openalex.org/I84475105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5099,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97828252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"100180","last_page":"100180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.6333580017089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-disclosure","display_name":"Self-disclosure","score":0.6173898577690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personally-identifiable-information","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","score":0.5886468887329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.492780476808548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.36768969893455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3136170506477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.31049180030822754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.6333580017089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175202939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892912","display_name":"Self-disclosure","level":2,"score":0.6173898577690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.5886468887329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.492780476808548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.36768969893455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3136170506477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31049180030822754}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287529","display_name":"Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans","issn_l":"2949-8821","issn":["2949-8821"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:211548cad3194147b8197577df32377f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/211548cad3194147b8197577df32377f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, Vol 5, Iss , Pp 100180- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287529","display_name":"Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans","issn_l":"2949-8821","issn":["2949-8821"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517853773","https://openalex.org/W1633346712","https://openalex.org/W1801436027","https://openalex.org/W1985945240","https://openalex.org/W1998575566","https://openalex.org/W2002253374","https://openalex.org/W2003686725","https://openalex.org/W2008379987","https://openalex.org/W2013289296","https://openalex.org/W2040775239","https://openalex.org/W2082490605","https://openalex.org/W2084319627","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2091994826","https://openalex.org/W2106111649","https://openalex.org/W2112082145","https://openalex.org/W2117008703","https://openalex.org/W2148756079","https://openalex.org/W2151092491","https://openalex.org/W2162090451","https://openalex.org/W2162772535","https://openalex.org/W2170307942","https://openalex.org/W2332079078","https://openalex.org/W2406537050","https://openalex.org/W2592877795","https://openalex.org/W2772485038","https://openalex.org/W2783539613","https://openalex.org/W2806569034","https://openalex.org/W2811106681","https://openalex.org/W2916945592","https://openalex.org/W2931226929","https://openalex.org/W2949240632","https://openalex.org/W2966327596","https://openalex.org/W2998563994","https://openalex.org/W2999528955","https://openalex.org/W3005790822","https://openalex.org/W3006245018","https://openalex.org/W3028447429","https://openalex.org/W3028999579","https://openalex.org/W3031532441","https://openalex.org/W3041306121","https://openalex.org/W3047520359","https://openalex.org/W3088691004","https://openalex.org/W3182053794","https://openalex.org/W3194621818","https://openalex.org/W4221014470","https://openalex.org/W4236521339","https://openalex.org/W4243342770","https://openalex.org/W4254114958","https://openalex.org/W4282971146","https://openalex.org/W4289597199","https://openalex.org/W4300507204","https://openalex.org/W4309759713","https://openalex.org/W4311843323","https://openalex.org/W4360585408","https://openalex.org/W4378188164","https://openalex.org/W4385953071","https://openalex.org/W4386141105","https://openalex.org/W4390737113","https://openalex.org/W4391535821","https://openalex.org/W4392355023","https://openalex.org/W4396940607","https://openalex.org/W4399605289","https://openalex.org/W4401873420","https://openalex.org/W4406959529","https://openalex.org/W6631018351","https://openalex.org/W6671652888","https://openalex.org/W6683034941","https://openalex.org/W6746643650","https://openalex.org/W6758102058","https://openalex.org/W6767147165","https://openalex.org/W6778325684","https://openalex.org/W6778445506","https://openalex.org/W6778849206","https://openalex.org/W6800319001","https://openalex.org/W6810085908","https://openalex.org/W6845656115","https://openalex.org/W6853279840","https://openalex.org/W6855878579"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W175946208","https://openalex.org/W4229623138","https://openalex.org/W147720509","https://openalex.org/W4245318332","https://openalex.org/W2013289296","https://openalex.org/W1536759569","https://openalex.org/W2213445138","https://openalex.org/W2886266782","https://openalex.org/W2500739510","https://openalex.org/W1603941413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"increasingly":[4],"emerges":[5],"as":[6,138,147,206],"a":[7,46,59,112,149,198,207],"tool":[8],"in":[9,193,228],"therapeutic":[10,229],"settings,":[11],"understanding":[12],"individuals'":[13],"willingness":[14,189],"to":[15,19,40,79,125,140,142,144,148,155,174,190,219,235],"disclose":[16],"personal":[17],"information":[18,162,192],"AI":[20,93,120,146,171,205,237],"versus":[21],"humans":[22],"is":[23],"critical.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26],"examined":[27],"how":[28,184],"participants":[29,74],"chose":[30],"between":[31],"self-disclosure-based":[32,60],"and":[33,94,152,168,196,209,224,238],"fact-based":[34,62,83],"statements":[35,128],"when":[36,100],"responses":[37,101],"were":[38,75,89,102,122,136,172,244],"thought":[39],"be":[41],"analyzed":[42],"by":[43],"an":[44,145],"AI,":[45],"human":[47,95,150,239],"researcher,":[48,96,151],"or":[49,61],"kept":[50,103],"private.":[51,104,163],"Participants":[52,232],"completed":[53],"forced-choice":[54],"trials":[55],"where":[56],"they":[57],"selected":[58],"statement":[63],"for":[64,86,91,200],"one":[65],"of":[66,204],"the":[67,92,116,130,188,202,236],"three":[68,131],"agent":[69,132,158],"conditions.":[70,133],"Results":[71],"showed":[72],"that":[73,109],"statistically":[76],"more":[77,153],"likely":[78,124,139,154],"select":[80],"self-disclosure":[81,87,161,222,253],"over":[82,159,246],"statements.":[84],"Choice":[85],"rates":[88],"similar":[90],"but":[97],"significantly":[98,175],"lower":[99],"Multiple":[105],"regression":[106],"analyses":[107],"revealed":[108],"individuals":[110,135],"with":[111],"higher":[113],"score":[114],"on":[115,216],"negative":[117],"attitude":[118],"toward":[119,170],"scale":[121],"less":[123],"choose":[126,141,156],"Self-based":[127,242],"across":[129],"Overall,":[134],"just":[137],"self-disclose":[143,191],"either":[157],"keeping":[160],"In":[164],"addition,":[165],"personality":[166],"traits":[167],"attitudes":[169],"able":[173],"influence":[176],"disclosure":[177],"choices.":[178,254],"These":[179],"findings":[180],"provide":[181],"insights":[182],"into":[183],"individual":[185],"differences":[186,251],"impact":[187],"human-AI":[194],"interactions":[195],"offer":[197],"foundation":[199],"exploring":[201],"feasibility":[203],"clinical":[208],"social":[210],"tool.":[211],"Future":[212],"research":[213],"should":[214],"expand":[215],"these":[217],"results":[218],"further":[220],"understand":[221],"behaviors":[223],"evaluate":[225],"AI's":[226],"role":[227],"settings.":[230],"\u2022":[231,241,249],"self-disclosed":[233],"equally":[234],"researcher.":[240],"questions":[243],"preferred":[245],"Fact-based":[247],"questions.":[248],"Individual":[250],"predicted":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
