{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134900681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984","title":"AI or human? Exploring the effects of user awareness in conversational dynamics with virtual avatars","display_name":"AI or human? Exploring the effects of user awareness in conversational dynamics with virtual avatars","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134900681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204030396","display_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","issn_l":"0747-5632","issn":["0747-5632","1873-7692"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003169744","display_name":"Silvia Erika Kober","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Erika Kober","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128720735","display_name":"Simon Streit","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Streit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060348702","display_name":"Guilherme L Wood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilherme Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003169744"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"],"apc_list":{"value":3440,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3440},"apc_paid":{"value":3440,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3440},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85037144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"181","issue":null,"first_page":"108984","last_page":"108984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.6087999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.6087999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.07829999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.053300000727176666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.7163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avatar","display_name":"Avatar","score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialog-system","display_name":"Dialog system","score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-world","display_name":"Virtual world","score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.2865000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.7163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6581000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5637000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777365542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83090","display_name":"Avatar","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190954187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270587","display_name":"Dialog system","level":3,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019565508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q444835","display_name":"Virtual world","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67712803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901853","display_name":"User modeling","level":3,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204030396","display_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","issn_l":"0747-5632","issn":["0747-5632","1873-7692"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204030396","display_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","issn_l":"0747-5632","issn":["0747-5632","1873-7692"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109921198","https://openalex.org/W2008985103","https://openalex.org/W2044140042","https://openalex.org/W2084235337","https://openalex.org/W2089917229","https://openalex.org/W2099813784","https://openalex.org/W2142930419","https://openalex.org/W2143165785","https://openalex.org/W2162417293","https://openalex.org/W2563045059","https://openalex.org/W2770761158","https://openalex.org/W2792467893","https://openalex.org/W2806569034","https://openalex.org/W2917034154","https://openalex.org/W3013998503","https://openalex.org/W3136860328","https://openalex.org/W4309759713","https://openalex.org/W4317396371","https://openalex.org/W4367310920","https://openalex.org/W4385484115","https://openalex.org/W4387108205","https://openalex.org/W4389340198","https://openalex.org/W4394630908","https://openalex.org/W4395703613","https://openalex.org/W4396766974","https://openalex.org/W4400057064","https://openalex.org/W4400694993","https://openalex.org/W4401043418","https://openalex.org/W4402155818","https://openalex.org/W4406847739","https://openalex.org/W4408183689","https://openalex.org/W4409565518","https://openalex.org/W4411505840","https://openalex.org/W4415230966"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,25,139,170,241],"Large":[3],"Language":[4],"Models,":[5],"AI":[6,24,74,98,122,178,202,239,257],"chatbots":[7],"are":[8,43,227],"now":[9],"widely":[10],"used,":[11],"offering":[12],"near-human-like":[13],"interactions.":[14,181],"This":[15],"study":[16],"examines":[17],"the":[18,108,127,156,164,201,236,266,269,273,293],"emotional":[19,171],"and":[20,33,148,153,179,232,247],"psychological":[21,173],"impacts":[22],"of":[23,48,55,67,83,145,151,183,221,238,265,268,295],"communication,":[26],"particularly":[27],"when":[28,41,298],"paired":[29],"with":[30,88,120,131,161,223,255,260,278,286,300],"human-like":[31],"avatars":[32,225],"how":[34],"AI-based":[35],"communication":[36,270],"compares":[37],"to":[38,62,72,135,155,159,235,243,252],"human":[39,101,133,180,188,204,280],"interaction":[40,50],"users":[42],"either":[44,97,228],"aware":[45],"or":[46,75,78,99,123,172,203,230],"unaware":[47],"their":[49,104],"partner's":[51],"identity.":[52],"A":[53],"total":[54],"42":[56],"female":[57],"participants":[58,111],"were":[59,70,175,190,206],"randomly":[60],"assigned":[61],"an":[63,73,79,121,256,287],"informed":[64,128],"group":[65,81],"(aware":[66],"whether":[68,116],"they":[69,117],"speaking":[71],"a":[76,89,100,124,132,136,142,261,279],"human)":[77],"uninformed":[80,109,165],"(unaware":[82],"speaker's":[84],"identity).":[85],"Participants":[86],"interacted":[87,119],"virtual":[90,224],"avatar":[91,157],"that":[92,226],"conveyed":[93],"messages":[94,185,198],"generated":[95,186],"by":[96,200,212],"while":[102],"discussing":[103],"last":[105],"holiday.":[106],"In":[107,126,163],"group,":[110,129,166],"could":[112],"not":[113],"correctly":[114],"identify":[115],"had":[118],"human.":[125,262],"interacting":[130,160],"led":[134],"stronger":[137,149],"increase":[138,244],"positive":[140,192,208,283],"affect,":[141],"greater":[143],"sense":[144],"social":[146],"presence,":[147],"attribution":[150],"emotions":[152],"intentions":[154],"compared":[158],"AI.":[162,196,288,301],"no":[167],"significant":[168],"differences":[169],"responses":[174],"observed":[176],"between":[177],"Regardless":[182],"awareness,":[184],"during":[187],"interactions":[189,222,254],"more":[191,207,282],"than":[193,209,285],"those":[194,210,259],"from":[195,258],"Additionally,":[197],"sent":[199,211],"experimenter":[205],"participants.":[213],"These":[214],"findings":[215],"provide":[216],"insights":[217],"into":[218],"user":[219,245,274,296],"perceptions":[220],"AI-":[229],"human-controlled,":[231],"can":[233],"contribute":[234],"design":[237],"systems":[240],"order":[242],"satisfaction":[246],"engagement.":[248],"\u2022":[249,263,276,289],"People":[250],"struggle":[251],"distinguish":[253],"Awareness":[264],"identity":[267],"partner":[271],"affects":[272],"experience.":[275],"Communication":[277],"generates":[281],"sentiment":[284],"The":[290],"results":[291],"underline":[292],"importance":[294],"awareness":[297],"communicating":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T06:59:57.516163","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}