{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407247463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001","title":"Electrical impedance tomography for anisotropic media: A machine learning approach to classify inclusions","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography for anisotropic media: A machine learning approach to classify inclusions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407247463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205691","display_name":"Computers & Mathematics with Applications","issn_l":"0898-1221","issn":["0898-1221","1873-7668"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Mathematics with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049442182","display_name":"Romina Gaburro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6186-0712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Romina Gaburro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","University of Limerick, Health Research Institute (HRI), Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6186-0712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Limerick, Health Research Institute (HRI), Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027046652","display_name":"Patrick Healy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-7442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Healy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-7442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shraddha Naidu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-6549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shraddha Naidu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-6549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103713596","display_name":"Clifford J. Nolan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7067-7947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clifford Nolan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","University of Limerick, Health Research Institute (HRI), Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Limerick, Health Research Institute (HRI), Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049442182"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"],"apc_list":{"value":3480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3480},"apc_paid":{"value":3480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3480},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00151102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"214","issue":null,"first_page":"51","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance-tomography","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","score":0.8359887599945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy","display_name":"Anisotropy","score":0.6398681402206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.4962082505226135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.49040865898132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","score":0.4539092481136322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41817405819892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.38548988103866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3544553518295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29831570386886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.277063250541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.22511771321296692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20770803093910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineralogy","display_name":"Mineralogy","score":0.17193111777305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15131819248199463}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155175808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326472","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","level":3,"score":0.8359887599945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.6398681402206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.4962082505226135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.49040865898132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.4539092481136322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41817405819892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.38548988103866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3544553518295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29831570386886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.277063250541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.22511771321296692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20770803093910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.17193111777305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15131819248199463}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205691","display_name":"Computers & Mathematics with Applications","issn_l":"0898-1221","issn":["0898-1221","1873-7668"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Mathematics with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.04273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.04273","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.34961/19396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10344/31792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.04273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.04273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.34961/19396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34961/19396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401529","display_name":"University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","host_organization_name":"University of Limerick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2026.04.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205691","display_name":"Computers & Mathematics with Applications","issn_l":"0898-1221","issn":["0898-1221","1873-7668"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Mathematics with Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G500045321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18/CRT/6049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2359871536","https://openalex.org/W1992681652","https://openalex.org/W2991320615","https://openalex.org/W1979972895","https://openalex.org/W2944246511","https://openalex.org/W4285180073","https://openalex.org/W2215273690","https://openalex.org/W2553917976","https://openalex.org/W2060278704","https://openalex.org/W2526896022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0,15,34,52],"Machine":[1],"learning":[2,128,210],"techniques":[3,129],"can":[4,22,41,58],"effectively":[5],"classify":[6],"the":[7,68,91,108,113,126,145,148,150,161,197,204,213,220,230],"Dirichlet-to-Neumann":[8,109],"matrix":[9],"in":[10,70,81,118],"Electrical":[11,71],"Impedance":[12,72],"Tomography":[13,73],"(EIT).":[14],"The":[16,35],"presence":[17,114,151,231],"of":[18,37,55,75,93,97,115,130,147,152,158,178,193,199,207,217,232],"a":[19,38,82,94,170,175,190],"circular":[20,39],"inclusion":[21,40,117,179,222],"be":[23,42,59,141],"identified":[24,60],"with":[25,44,61,125,212],"high":[26,45,62,176],"accuracy":[27,46,63,194],"via":[28,47,64],"Support":[29,136],"Vector":[30,137],"Machines":[31,138],"methods":[32],"(SVMs).":[33],"radius":[36],"determined":[43],"Artificial":[48,131],"Neural":[49,132],"Networks":[50,133],"(ANNs).":[51],"Special":[53],"types":[54],"anisotropic":[56],"inclusions":[57,80],"ANNs.":[65],"We":[66],"consider":[67],"problem":[69,223],"(EIT)":[74],"identifying":[76],"one":[77,116],"or":[78],"multiple":[79,153],"background-conducting":[83],"body":[84],"\u03a9":[85,119],"\u2282":[86],"R":[87],"2":[88],",":[89],"from":[90],"knowledge":[92],"finite":[95],"number":[96],"electrostatic":[98],"measurements":[99,185],"taken":[100],"on":[101],"its":[102],"boundary":[103],"\u2202\u03a9":[104],"and":[105,135,155,166,181,219],"modelled":[106],"by":[107],"(D-N)":[110],"matrix.":[111],"Once":[112],"is":[120],"established,":[121],"our":[122],"model,":[123],"combined":[124],"machine":[127,209],"(ANN)":[134],"(SVM),":[139],"may":[140],"used":[142],"to":[143,188,224],"determine":[144],"size":[146,198],"inclusion,":[149],"inclusions,":[154],"also":[156],"that":[157,183],"anisotropy":[159],"within":[160,169],"inclusion(s).":[162],"Utilising":[163],"both":[164],"real":[165],"simulated":[167],"datasets":[168],"16-electrode":[171],"setup,":[172],"we":[173],"achieve":[174,189],"rate":[177],"detection":[180],"show":[182],"two":[184],"are":[186],"sufficient":[187],"good":[191],"level":[192],"when":[195],"predicting":[196],"an":[200],"inclusion.":[201],"This":[202],"underscores":[203],"substantial":[205],"potential":[206],"integrating":[208],"approaches":[211],"more":[214],"classical":[215],"analysis":[216],"EIT":[218],"inverse":[221],"extract":[225],"critical":[226],"insights,":[227],"such":[228],"as":[229],"anisotropy.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
