{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124147697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546","title":"Large language models for education: An open-source paradigm for automated Q&A in the graduate classroom","display_name":"Large language models for education: An open-source paradigm for automated Q&A in the graduate classroom","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124147697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183364","display_name":"Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2666-920X","issn":["2666-920X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023612814","display_name":"Ryann M. Perez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-8910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryann M. Perez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001939171","display_name":"Marie Shimogawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8471-9375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie Shimogawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123006090","display_name":"Yanan Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122993246","display_name":"Xinning Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinning Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011247369","display_name":"Hoang Anh T. Phan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6488-0404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoang Anh T. Phan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096772918","display_name":"Jason G. Marmorstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason G. Marmorstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123046186","display_name":"Evan S.K. Yanagawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan S.K. Yanagawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123048693","display_name":"E.James Petersson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. James Petersson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023612814","https://openalex.org/A5123048693"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11912679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"100546","last_page":"100546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.09969999641180038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.09969999641180038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.09229999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.0860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.631600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.41339999437332153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.631600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775966667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423384","display_name":"Knowledge modeling","level":3,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853745","display_name":"Engineering education","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134895398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59157","display_name":"Educational psychology","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12338191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053392","display_name":"Zone of proximal development","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183364","display_name":"Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2666-920X","issn":["2666-920X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:227e3d2fd1ba4c739d5117b470999b7c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/227e3d2fd1ba4c739d5117b470999b7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Vol 10, Iss , Pp 100546- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183364","display_name":"Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2666-920X","issn":["2666-920X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8287661075592041,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540649941","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2130140239","https://openalex.org/W2397288399","https://openalex.org/W2560140854","https://openalex.org/W3002947507","https://openalex.org/W3040172772","https://openalex.org/W3046786385","https://openalex.org/W4285190530","https://openalex.org/W4367678106","https://openalex.org/W4375858605","https://openalex.org/W4379598302","https://openalex.org/W4379741168","https://openalex.org/W4382319263","https://openalex.org/W4385667255","https://openalex.org/W4386322180","https://openalex.org/W4387035480","https://openalex.org/W4387309052","https://openalex.org/W4389462598","https://openalex.org/W4391561379","https://openalex.org/W4391713912","https://openalex.org/W4392301491","https://openalex.org/W4392774538","https://openalex.org/W4392932744","https://openalex.org/W4394783870","https://openalex.org/W4394784173","https://openalex.org/W4396721167","https://openalex.org/W4396723768","https://openalex.org/W4396958517","https://openalex.org/W4399170378","https://openalex.org/W4399305008","https://openalex.org/W4399357198","https://openalex.org/W4399803256","https://openalex.org/W4400734098","https://openalex.org/W4400902620","https://openalex.org/W4401518309","https://openalex.org/W4401857375","https://openalex.org/W4401947350","https://openalex.org/W4402371950","https://openalex.org/W4402773236","https://openalex.org/W4402827393","https://openalex.org/W4403616237","https://openalex.org/W4403654863","https://openalex.org/W4404742117","https://openalex.org/W4405726304","https://openalex.org/W4406907017","https://openalex.org/W4409829362","https://openalex.org/W4410109561","https://openalex.org/W4411961348","https://openalex.org/W4412202157","https://openalex.org/W4412527072","https://openalex.org/W4412642503"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"offer":[4],"scalable":[5],"educational":[6,82,119,246],"support,":[7],"but":[8],"face":[9],"barriers":[10],"regarding":[11],"accuracy,":[12],"cost,":[13],"and":[14,34,67,81,92,126,242,268,274],"learning":[15,213],"depth.":[16,70],"To":[17],"interrogate":[18],"these":[19,202],"limitations,":[20],"we":[21,45,177],"developed":[22],"the":[23,127,173,216,249],"Teaching":[24],"Assistant":[25],"for":[26,170,210,219,222,231,240],"Specialized":[27],"Knowledge":[28],"(TAsk),":[29],"a":[30,49,134,179,207,227],"retrieval-augmented":[31,238],"generation":[32,239],"enabled":[33],"educator":[35],"curated":[36],"pipeline.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39,185],"nine-week":[40],"pilot":[41,174],"study":[42],"(N=33":[43],"participants),":[44],"deployed":[46],"TAsk":[47,56,85,171,205,257],"in":[48,100,108,172,192,195],"graduate-level":[50],"biological":[51],"chemistry":[52],"course.":[53],"We":[54,71],"compared":[55,146],"against":[57,276],"human":[58,104,264],"expert":[59,98],"teaching":[60],"assistants":[61],"(TAs)":[62],"using":[63],"blinded":[64],"review":[65],"process":[66],"analyzed":[68],"inquiry":[69],"observed":[72],"three":[73],"major":[74],"findings":[75],"related":[76],"to":[77,111,147,248],"potential":[78],"pedagogical":[79,220],"decisions":[80],"theory.":[83],"First,":[84],"delivered":[86],"effective":[87],"feedback":[88],"that":[89,153,184,256],"was":[90],"specific":[91],"adaptive":[93],"as":[94,123,206],"it":[95],"significantly":[96,142,169],"outperformed":[97],"TAs":[99,105,265],"overall":[101],"correctness.":[102],"However,":[103],"remained":[106],"superior":[107],"tailoring":[109],"responses":[110],"course":[112],"nuances.":[113],"Second,":[114],"behavioral":[115],"analysis":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118,259],"scaffolding":[120,221],"techniques,":[121],"such":[122],"Bloom\u2019s":[124],"Taxonomy":[125],"Zone":[128],"of":[129,198,252],"Proximal":[130],"Development":[131],"(ZPD),":[132],"identified":[133],"cognitive":[135],"bypass":[136],"risk":[137],"where":[138],"frequent":[139],"users":[140],"submitted":[141],"fewer":[143],"higher-order":[144],"queries":[145],"infrequent":[148],"users.":[149],"Third,":[150],"benchmarking":[151],"demonstrated":[152],"smaller":[154],"models":[155],"could":[156,187],"approach":[157],"frontier":[158],"model":[159,193],"performance":[160],"when":[161],"optimized,":[162],"suggesting":[163],"future":[164,196],"costs":[165],"can":[166],"be":[167],"reduced":[168],"study.":[175],"Finally,":[176],"validated":[178,208],"confabulation":[180],"detection":[181],"algorithm,":[182],"hypothesizing":[183],"algorithm":[186],"help":[188],"students":[189],"calibrate":[190],"trust":[191],"outputs":[194],"iterations":[197],"TAsk.":[199,253],"Taken":[200],"together,":[201],"contributions":[203],"establish":[204],"framework":[209],"higher":[211,232],"education":[212],"while":[214],"highlighting":[215],"critical":[217],"need":[218],"LLMs.":[223],"\u2022":[224,234,244,254,270],"Introduces":[225],"TAsk,":[226],"generalizable":[228],"open-source":[229],"pipeline":[230],"education.":[233],"Integrates":[235],"LLMs":[236],"with":[237,263],"question":[241,267],"answering.":[243,269],"Connects":[245],"theories":[247],"practical":[250],"application":[251],"Finds":[255],"is":[258],"par":[260],"or":[261],"better":[262],"at":[266],"Explores":[271],"prompt":[272],"design":[273],"safeguards":[275],"AI":[277],"confabulation.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}