{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165122642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820","title":"Encoding strategies for information-theoretic complexity measures in thermography-based rheumatoid arthritis detection","display_name":"Encoding strategies for information-theoretic complexity measures in thermography-based rheumatoid arthritis detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165122642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047924718","display_name":"Agnieszka Pr\u0119gowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119410","display_name":"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03fs4aq04","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119410","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Agnieszka Pregowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-9931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119410","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077406175","display_name":"Jolanta Pauk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-7129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323121030","display_name":"Bialystok University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfsy61","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323121030"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jolanta Pauk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Institute, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-7129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323121030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004101779","display_name":"Mikhai\u0142 Ihnatouski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-3401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112112522","display_name":"Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno","ror":"https://ror.org/03q92e557","country_code":"BY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112112522"]}],"countries":["BY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikhail Ihnatouski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scientific and Research Department, Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Grodno, Belarus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scientific and Research Department, Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Grodno, Belarus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112112522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013192777","display_name":"Konrad Pauk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I268303160","display_name":"Medical University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/04p2y4s44","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I268303160"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad Pauk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I268303160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138897812","display_name":"Janusz Szczepanski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119410","display_name":"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03fs4aq04","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119410","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janusz Szczepanski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119410","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047924718"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119410","https://openalex.org/I99542240"],"apc_list":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"apc_paid":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81319321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"126","issue":null,"first_page":"110820","last_page":"110820"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10200","display_name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rheumatoid-arthritis","display_name":"Rheumatoid arthritis","score":0.659600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-discovery-rate","display_name":"False discovery rate","score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.3560999929904938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777575956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187255","display_name":"Rheumatoid arthritis","level":2,"score":0.659600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4383000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193244246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432696","display_name":"False discovery rate","level":3,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779222261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624587","display_name":"Thermography","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203092338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863","display_name":"Clinical endpoint","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183905921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038757","display_name":"Multiple comparisons problem","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778952367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491532","display_name":"Combing","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7193834185600281,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwvd537"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512161016","https://openalex.org/W2006980549","https://openalex.org/W2014683958","https://openalex.org/W2066273037","https://openalex.org/W2077770566","https://openalex.org/W2106375138","https://openalex.org/W2615091000","https://openalex.org/W2765289093","https://openalex.org/W2920299577","https://openalex.org/W2953908493","https://openalex.org/W2966283585","https://openalex.org/W2969679644","https://openalex.org/W4253746549","https://openalex.org/W4309663382","https://openalex.org/W4319440519","https://openalex.org/W4372301374","https://openalex.org/W4386562986","https://openalex.org/W4386910109","https://openalex.org/W4386945213","https://openalex.org/W4400212891","https://openalex.org/W4402128645","https://openalex.org/W4402985248","https://openalex.org/W4406821302","https://openalex.org/W4408773371","https://openalex.org/W4408934807","https://openalex.org/W4409371388","https://openalex.org/W4412074256","https://openalex.org/W4412477474"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rheumatoid":[0],"arthritis":[1],"(RA)":[2],"remains":[3],"a":[4,236,272,282],"condition":[5],"in":[6,151,223],"which":[7],"complementary,":[8],"non-invasive":[9],"assessment":[10],"tools":[11],"are":[12],"actively":[13],"explored.":[14],"While":[15],"previous":[16],"thermography":[17,153],"studies":[18],"have":[19],"focused":[20],"mainly":[21],"on":[22,66,120,156],"temperature":[23],"dynamics":[24],"or":[25],"texture":[26],"features,":[27],"the":[28,67,109,145,161,224,232,265],"diagnostic":[29,146],"value":[30],"of":[31,69,81,148,275],"information-theoretic":[32],"complexity":[33,47,50,149],"measures":[34,150],"is":[35,271],"still":[36],"not":[37],"well":[38],"understood.":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41],"evaluates":[42],"three":[43],"such":[44],"measures,":[45],"Lempel\u2013Ziv":[46],"(LZC),":[48],"permutation":[49,54],"(PC),":[51],"and":[52,76,100,127,140,160,170,211,216,255],"belief":[53],"entropy":[55],"(BPE),":[56],"for":[57],"distinguishing":[58],"RA":[59,89],"patients":[60],"from":[61],"healthy":[62,86],"individuals,":[63],"with":[64,117],"emphasis":[65],"impact":[68],"different":[70],"symbolic":[71],"encoding":[72,95,158,269],"strategies":[73],"under":[74,287],"no-cooling":[75,165],"cooling":[77],"conditions.":[78],"A":[79,195],"dataset":[80],"477":[82],"hand":[83,152],"thermograms":[84],"(291":[85],"controls,":[87],"186":[88],"patients)":[90],"was":[91,133],"analyzed":[92],"using":[93,112],"four":[94],"schemes:":[96],"binary,":[97],"slope-direction,":[98],"zero-crossing,":[99],"multilevel":[101],"thresholding.":[102],"All":[103],"statistical":[104],"conclusions":[105],"were":[106,214],"assessed":[107],"at":[108],"subject":[110],"level":[111],"median":[113],"aggregation":[114],"per":[115],"participant,":[116],"multiplicity-adjusted":[118],"testing":[119],"protocol-matched":[121],"cohorts":[122],"to":[123],"avoid":[124],"within-subject":[125],"dependence":[126],"availability":[128],"bias.":[129],"The":[130],"primary":[131,225],"endpoint":[132],"subject-level":[134,226],"discrimination":[135],"quantified":[136],"by":[137],"effect":[138,238],"size":[139,239],"ROC\u2013AUC.":[141],"Results":[142],"indicate":[143],"that":[144,268],"utility":[147],"strongly":[154],"depends":[155],"both":[157],"choices":[159],"acquisition":[162],"protocol.":[163],"Under":[164,207],"conditions,":[166],"several":[167],"LZC":[168],"variants":[169],"PC":[171],"showed":[172],"statistically":[173],"significant":[174],"but":[175],"small":[176],"group":[177],"differences":[178],"after":[179],"BH-FDR":[180,247],"correction":[181],"(":[182,240,258],"|":[183,185],"d":[184,241],"\u2248":[186,198,242,259],"0":[187,191,199,203,243,251,260],".":[188,192,200,204,244,261],"23":[189],"\u2212":[190,202,252],"29":[193],";":[194],"U":[196],"C":[197],"57":[201],"58":[205],").":[206,263],"cooling,":[208],"most":[209],"LZC-":[210],"PC-based":[212],"effects":[213],"attenuated":[215],"yielded":[217],"lower":[218],"discriminative":[219],"performance":[220],"than":[221],"BPE":[222,230,280],"analysis.":[227],"In":[228],"contrast,":[229],"became":[231],"strongest":[233],"discriminator,":[234],"reaching":[235],"large":[237],"80":[245],",":[246],"p":[248],"<":[249],"1":[250],"5":[253],")":[254],"stable":[256],"ROC\u2013AUC":[257],"71":[262],"Overall,":[264],"results":[266],"show":[267],"strategy":[270],"major":[273],"determinant":[274],"complexity-based":[276],"thermographic":[277],"discrimination,":[278],"while":[279],"provides":[281],"robust":[283],"tie-aware":[284],"ordinal":[285],"descriptor":[286],"thermal":[288],"stress.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:51:49.773706","created_date":"2026-06-19T00:00:00"}
