{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160600203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545","title":"Explainable self-supervised learning unveils neurophysiological signatures of proficiency in imagined speech","display_name":"Explainable self-supervised learning unveils neurophysiological signatures of proficiency in imagined speech","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160600203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093998245","display_name":"Francesco Iacomi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Iacomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2839-8414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028566637","display_name":"Andrea Farabbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-4654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Farabbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-4654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135654209","display_name":"Luca Mainardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-6314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Mainardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-6314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135669347","display_name":"Riccardo Barbieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9381-3833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Barbieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9381-3833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093998245"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"apc_paid":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89722025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"123","issue":null,"first_page":"110545","last_page":"110545"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.7556999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.7556999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.0421999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.03579999879002571,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurophysiology","display_name":"Neurophysiology","score":0.7314000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6960999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5557000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-correlates-of-consciousness","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhythm","display_name":"Rhythm","score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"Speech processing","score":0.3504999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.7314000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6960999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5557000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5526999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135343436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170406","display_name":"Rhythm","level":2,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99209842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643696","display_name":"Speech perception","level":3,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1314913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1314913","pdf_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1314913/1/Iacomi%20BSPC%201-s2.0-S1746809426010992-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8118533492088318,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","display_name":"Ministero della Salute","ror":"https://ror.org/00789fa95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524499094","https://openalex.org/W1990746954","https://openalex.org/W2002746817","https://openalex.org/W2038971444","https://openalex.org/W2045493030","https://openalex.org/W2066783542","https://openalex.org/W2077164125","https://openalex.org/W2124428761","https://openalex.org/W2133349134","https://openalex.org/W2143448427","https://openalex.org/W2155638869","https://openalex.org/W2163402470","https://openalex.org/W2237320994","https://openalex.org/W2337065964","https://openalex.org/W2739095506","https://openalex.org/W2754547694","https://openalex.org/W2806473864","https://openalex.org/W2963688765","https://openalex.org/W3119387931","https://openalex.org/W4313379651","https://openalex.org/W4387093893","https://openalex.org/W4388671264","https://openalex.org/W4392142047","https://openalex.org/W4393950835","https://openalex.org/W4401110632","https://openalex.org/W4402216112","https://openalex.org/W4406920643"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,93,118,122,168],"neural":[4],"correlates":[5],"of":[6,80,95,149],"individuals":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9,72],"their":[10],"proficiency":[11,114,142],"in":[12,44],"Imagined":[13,126,153],"Speech":[14],"(IS),":[15],"a":[16,78],"cognitive":[17],"process":[18],"with":[19,68,98,110,131],"profound":[20],"implications":[21,132],"for":[22,55,133,170],"brain\u2013computer":[23],"interfaces":[24],"and":[25,41,51,85,112,157,166],"assistive":[26,134],"technologies.":[27],"Our":[28,59,160],"approach":[29],"combines":[30],"advanced":[31,150],"signal":[32],"processing":[33],"techniques,":[34],"machine":[35],"learning,":[36],"Explainable":[37],"Artificial":[38],"Intelligence":[39],"(XAI),":[40],"topographical":[42],"analysis,":[43,100],"order":[45],"to":[46,103],"unveil":[47],"specific":[48],"EEG":[49,90,105,155],"rhythms":[50,156],"cortical":[52],"regions":[53],"crucial":[54],"successful":[56],"IS":[57],"production.":[58],"findings":[60,161],"demonstrate":[61],"that":[62],"these":[63],"groups":[64,109],"can":[65],"be":[66],"differentiated":[67],"high":[69,111],"accuracy":[70],"(0.884":[71],"our":[73],"held-out":[74],"test":[75],"set)":[76],"using":[77],"combination":[79],"complex":[81,129],"measures,":[82],"fractal":[83],"behaviors,":[84],"spectral":[86],"characteristics":[87],"derived":[88],"from":[89],"signals.":[91],"Furthermore,":[92],"application":[94],"XAI,":[96],"combined":[97],"topographic":[99],"allowed":[101],"us":[102],"differentiate":[104],"epochs":[106],"between":[107,121],"two":[108,123],"low":[113],"level":[115],"respectively":[116],"highlighting":[117],"neurophysiological":[119,144],"differences":[120],"groups.":[124],"\u2022":[125,136,146,159],"speech":[127,141,154],"involves":[128],"cognition":[130],"BCIs.":[135,172],"Novel":[137],"framework":[138],"assesses":[139],"imagined":[140],"via":[143],"variables.":[145],"An":[147],"integration":[148],"techniques":[151],"reveals":[152],"regions.":[158],"deepen":[162],"internal":[163],"language":[164],"insights":[165],"pave":[167],"way":[169],"personalized":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}
