{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160206551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448","title":"Bridging the gap between AI and clinicians: an exploratory study on sepsis prognosis comparing ChatGPT-4o, DeepSeek-R1, and expert physicians","display_name":"Bridging the gap between AI and clinicians: an exploratory study on sepsis prognosis comparing ChatGPT-4o, DeepSeek-R1, and expert physicians","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160206551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135190350","display_name":"Kaihuan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126060","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/030sc3x20","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126060"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaihuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China","Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086","https://openalex.org/I4210126060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125493716","display_name":"Lian Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lian Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135226973","display_name":"Lifan Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lifan Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135152758","display_name":"Hongmei Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161995","display_name":"Yulin University","ror":"https://ror.org/05rp1t554","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongmei Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intensive Care Unit, the First People\u2019s Hospital of Yulin, Yulin 537000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, the First People\u2019s Hospital of Yulin, Yulin 537000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091645430","display_name":"Xiaolin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-5346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135177680","display_name":"Hanming Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158071","display_name":"Wuxi People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05pb5hm55","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158071"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanming Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intensive Care Unit, the People\u2019s Hospital of Cenxi City, Wuzhou 543200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, the People\u2019s Hospital of Cenxi City, Wuzhou 543200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135120976","display_name":"Guan Bi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135240633","display_name":"Tao Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135153869","display_name":"Junyu Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160354086","display_name":"Guangxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dveyr97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junyu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135153869"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160354086"],"apc_list":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"apc_paid":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45116306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"122","issue":null,"first_page":"110448","last_page":"110448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.8629000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-research","display_name":"Exploratory research","score":0.7653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis","display_name":"Sepsis","score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicenter-study","display_name":"Multicenter study","score":0.28519999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.8629000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.7653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6812999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778384902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183134","display_name":"Sepsis","level":2,"score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.5932000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992435398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934595","display_name":"Multicenter study","level":3,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987828669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical study","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.4639892280101776,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2280404143","https://openalex.org/W2896893468","https://openalex.org/W2998853022","https://openalex.org/W3025110062","https://openalex.org/W3047279261","https://openalex.org/W3124926562","https://openalex.org/W3127657277","https://openalex.org/W3164919884","https://openalex.org/W3202964273","https://openalex.org/W4224122161","https://openalex.org/W4280572991","https://openalex.org/W4310709743","https://openalex.org/W4382918475","https://openalex.org/W4387729389","https://openalex.org/W4394859632","https://openalex.org/W4400283511","https://openalex.org/W4400307907","https://openalex.org/W4402222345","https://openalex.org/W4402564832","https://openalex.org/W4403809024","https://openalex.org/W4405014751","https://openalex.org/W4405933388","https://openalex.org/W4406155949","https://openalex.org/W4406970378","https://openalex.org/W4406983611","https://openalex.org/W4407341686","https://openalex.org/W4407354885","https://openalex.org/W4407707262","https://openalex.org/W4408085308","https://openalex.org/W4410360179","https://openalex.org/W4410455985","https://openalex.org/W4411139704"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Sepsis":[1],"remains":[2],"a":[3,122],"leading":[4],"cause":[5],"of":[6,45,125],"ICU":[7],"mortality,":[8],"with":[9,61,173,206],"diagnostic,":[10],"therapeutic,":[11],"and":[12,20,53,64,68,88,115,130,143,181,223,229,238],"prognostic":[13,89,182],"challenges.":[14],"Large":[15],"language":[16],"models":[17,155,215,249],"like":[18],"ChatGPT":[19],"DeepSeek":[21],"show":[22],"potential":[23],"in":[24,30,48,163,176,199,209,218,235],"clinical":[25],"decision-making":[26],"but":[27,232],"lack":[28],"evaluation":[29],"sepsis":[31,39],"management.":[32],"Methods":[33],"This":[34],"exploratory":[35],"study":[36],"enrolled":[37],"52":[38],"patients":[40],"admitted":[41],"to":[42],"three":[43],"ICUs":[44],"different":[46],"levels":[47],"China":[49],"between":[50],"December":[51],"2024":[52],"February":[54],"2025.":[55],"A":[56],"double-blind":[57],"design":[58],"was":[59,92,151,189],"used,":[60],"AI-generated":[62],"diagnostic":[63,78,227],"therapeutic":[65,80,177],"plans":[66],"standardized":[67],"anonymized.":[69],"Clinical":[70],"experts":[71],"independently":[72],"scored":[73],"outputs":[74],"across":[75],"six":[76],"dimensions:":[77],"accuracy,":[79],"rationality,":[81,178],"monitoring":[82,179],"feasibility,":[83,180],"treatment-effect":[84],"prediction,":[85,212],"overall":[86],"adaptability,":[87],"accuracy.":[90],"Cross-evaluation":[91,166],"also":[93],"performed.":[94],"Analyses":[95],"included":[96],"Wilcoxon":[97],"signed-rank":[98],"tests,":[99],"effect":[100],"sizes,":[101],"intraclass":[102],"correlation":[103],"coefficients":[104],"(ICC),":[105],"receiver":[106],"operating":[107],"characteristic":[108],"curves,":[109],"Brier":[110],"scores,":[111],"calibration,":[112],"Bland\u2013Altman":[113],"plots,":[114],"subgroup":[116],"analyses.":[117],"Results":[118],"The":[119],"cohort":[120],"had":[121],"mean":[123],"age":[124],"60.9":[126],"\u00b1":[127],"11.0":[128],"years,":[129],"76.9%":[131],"were":[132,136],"female.":[133],"Complication":[134],"rates":[135],"50.0%":[137],"for":[138,141,145,153],"ARDS,":[139],"40.4%":[140],"AKI,":[142],"38.5%":[144],"multiple":[146],"organ":[147],"dysfunction.":[148],"Diagnostic":[149],"accuracy":[150,183,228],"high":[152,226],"both":[154,214],"(94.2%":[156],"ChatGPT-4o;":[157],"96.2%":[158],"DeepSeek-R1),":[159],"exceeding":[160],"physician":[161],"performance":[162,198],"complication":[164],"recognition.":[165],"showed":[167],"ChatGPT-4o":[168,222],"consistently":[169],"rated":[170],"DeepSeek-R1":[171,207,224],"higher,":[172],"significant":[174],"differences":[175],"(P":[184],"<":[185],"0.001).":[186],"Inter-rater":[187],"reliability":[188],"good":[190],"(ICC":[191],"=":[192],"0.63).":[193],"Outcome":[194],"validation":[195],"demonstrated":[196,225],"best":[197],"AKI":[200],"prediction":[201],"(AUC":[202],"0.85":[203],"vs.":[204],"0.80),":[205],"superior":[208],"28-day":[210],"mortality":[211],"though":[213],"performed":[216],"poorly":[217],"ARDS":[219,239],"prediction.":[220,240],"Conclusion":[221],"complementary":[230],"strengths,":[231],"limitations":[233],"remain":[234],"individualized":[236],"therapy":[237],"Future":[241],"work":[242],"should":[243],"focus":[244],"on":[245],"real-time":[246],"AI\u2013clinician":[247],"collaboration":[248],"integrating":[250],"dynamic":[251],"data.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-05-05T00:00:00"}
