{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155492703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","title":"Pooling cohorts for deep learning analysis: a potential source of bias for electrocardiogram analysis","display_name":"Pooling cohorts for deep learning analysis: a potential source of bias for electrocardiogram analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155492703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099097548","display_name":"Marie M\u00f8rch-Pedersen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie M\u00f8rch-Pedersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098674912","display_name":"Malene N\u00f8rregaard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malene N\u00f8rregaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1227-5113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134540075","display_name":"Claus Graff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claus Graff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134529185","display_name":"Oliver B. Vad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802567020","display_name":"Copenhagen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05bpbnx46","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802709434","display_name":"Rigshospitalet","ror":"https://ror.org/03mchdq19","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434","https://openalex.org/I4210145385"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver B. Vad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025131392","display_name":"Pia R. Lundegaard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-1844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pia R. Lundegaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiac Genetics Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-1844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiac Genetics Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063449841","display_name":"Jesper Hastrup Svendsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8466-8515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802567020","display_name":"Copenhagen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05bpbnx46","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802709434","display_name":"Rigshospitalet","ror":"https://ror.org/03mchdq19","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434","https://openalex.org/I4210145385"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesper Hastrup Svendsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark","Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8466-8515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100704087","display_name":"Torben Hansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8748-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801134892","display_name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04txyc737","country_code":"DK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801134892"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767703","display_name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02s32fb62","country_code":null,"type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696","https://openalex.org/I4391767703"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torben Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801134892","https://openalex.org/I4391767703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053605357","display_name":"Allan Linneberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-0184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801150652","display_name":"Frederiksberg Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00d264c35","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801150652"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092108","display_name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00cr96696","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092108"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allan Linneberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark","Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-0184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801150652","https://openalex.org/I4210092108"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020212582","display_name":"Peter Godsk J\u00f8rgensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1217-8944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802582725","display_name":"Gentofte Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzw862","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter G. J\u00f8rgensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1217-8944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802582725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068235223","display_name":"Magnus T. Jensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0544-5215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339947260","display_name":"Steno Diabetes Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/03w7awk87","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1339947260","https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I4210145385"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus T. Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1339947260"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134530153","display_name":"Peter Rossing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339947260","display_name":"Steno Diabetes Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/03w7awk87","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1339947260","https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I4210145385"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Rossing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1339947260"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022857754","display_name":"Christina Ellervik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3088-4375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153378","display_name":"Zealand University Hospital K\u00f8ge","ror":"https://ror.org/04gs6xd08","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799668677","https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I4210153378"]}],"countries":["DK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Ellervik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, K\u00f8ge, Denmark","Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3088-4375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, K\u00f8ge, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153378"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126501543","display_name":"Dominik Linz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["DK","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Linz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4893-0824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125670124","display_name":"Vajira Thambawita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153474","display_name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtarr15","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372","https://openalex.org/I2799829267","https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vajira Thambawita","raw_affiliation_strings":["SimulaMet, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-0929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SimulaMet, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035987989","display_name":"Mary M. Maleckar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7012-3853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799829267","display_name":"Simula Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00vn06n10","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary M. Maleckar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7012-3853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134544706","display_name":"Michael A. Riegler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799829267","display_name":"Simula Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00vn06n10","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Riegler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063344371","display_name":"J\u00f8rgen K. Kanters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-4910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["DK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f8rgen K. Kanters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Biosignal Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-4910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biosignal Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134197223","display_name":"Jonas L. Isaksen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonas L. Isaksen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-1131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134197223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"apc_list":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"apc_paid":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81591173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"122","issue":null,"first_page":"110424","last_page":"110424"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.8432000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.8432000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.04569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10292","display_name":"Acute Myocardial Infarction Research","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.866599977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7714999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.2556000053882599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.866599977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7714999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7529000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6315000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/70ab1d73-276c-446a-8cd1-8cfb61394d66","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/70ab1d73-276c-446a-8cd1-8cfb61394d66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"M\u00f8rch-Pedersen, M, N\u00f8rregaard, M, Graff, C, Vad, O B, Lundegaard, P R, Svendsen, J H, Hansen, T, Linneberg, A, J\u00f8rgensen, P G, Jensen, M T, Rossing, P, Ellervik, C, Linz, D, Thambawita, V, Maleckar, M M, Riegler, M A, Kanters, J K & Isaksen, J L 2026, 'Pooling cohorts for deep learning analysis: a potential source of bias for electrocardiogram analysis', Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, vol. 122, 110424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/cd93c1ba-4f80-4977-987d-c73ee0ad69dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/cd93c1ba-4f80-4977-987d-c73ee0ad69dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"M\u00f8rch-Pedersen , M , N\u00f8rregaard , M , Graff , C , Vad , O B , Lundegaard , P R , Svendsen , J H , Hansen , T , Linneberg , A , J\u00f8rgensen , P G , Jensen , M T , Rossing , P , Ellervik , C , Linz , D , Thambawita , V , Maleckar , M M , Riegler , M A , Kanters , J K & Isaksen , J L 2026 , ' Pooling cohorts for deep learning analysis : a potential source of bias for electrocardiogram analysis ' , Biomedical Signal Processing and Control , vol. 122 , 110424 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4463825225830078}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309356","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319491","display_name":"Innovative Health Initiative","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325003","display_name":"Skibsreder Per Henriksen, R. og hustrus fond","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325957","display_name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","ror":"https://ror.org/04txyc737"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968034029","https://openalex.org/W1972670427","https://openalex.org/W1976390558","https://openalex.org/W2031342017","https://openalex.org/W2044240685","https://openalex.org/W2053418001","https://openalex.org/W2065104393","https://openalex.org/W2074447931","https://openalex.org/W2097680164","https://openalex.org/W2099948016","https://openalex.org/W2156065980","https://openalex.org/W2408477806","https://openalex.org/W2793848618","https://openalex.org/W2803928140","https://openalex.org/W2804610034","https://openalex.org/W2811374795","https://openalex.org/W2902644322","https://openalex.org/W2913776976","https://openalex.org/W2970154784","https://openalex.org/W3009518181","https://openalex.org/W3095608938","https://openalex.org/W3129167842","https://openalex.org/W3164408946","https://openalex.org/W3211064646","https://openalex.org/W4210670530","https://openalex.org/W4220897948","https://openalex.org/W4225597912","https://openalex.org/W4313203451","https://openalex.org/W4361285150","https://openalex.org/W4378173142","https://openalex.org/W4392520481","https://openalex.org/W4394987823","https://openalex.org/W4405632792"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0,10,20],"When":[1],"pooling":[2],"cohorts,":[3],"bias":[4,23,62,190],"can":[5,24,35,63,84,225,234],"underlie":[6],"seemingly":[7],"good":[8],"results.":[9,31],"Bias":[11],"requires":[12],"a":[13,50,55,111,267],"difficult-to-predict":[14],"outcome":[15,146,245,251],"unevenly":[16],"distributed":[17],"between":[18,247],"cohorts.":[19],"Strength":[21],"of":[22,49,124,132,178,185,229,243,278],"be":[25],"directly":[26],"obtained":[27],"to":[28,45,76,78,120,136,159,168,201,206,237,254,270,274],"estimate":[29],"unbiased":[30],"Deep":[32,222],"learning":[33,82,223,258],"models":[34,44,83,224,259],"isolate":[36],"device":[37],"characteristics":[38],"in":[39],"medical":[40,51,67],"images,":[41],"enabling":[42],"the":[43,47,86,106,122,130,203,227,238,241,244,250,276],"identify":[46,85,121,226],"origin":[48,123,228],"image,":[52],"which":[53,92,155],"creates":[54],"bias.":[56],"It":[57],"is":[58,156,252],"unknown":[59],"whether":[60],"such":[61,69],"arise":[64],"with":[65,175,191,260],"raw":[66],"signals":[68],"as":[70],"electrocardiograms":[71],"(ECGs),":[72],"so":[73],"we":[74,264],"aimed":[75],"quantify":[77],"what":[79],"extent":[80],"deep":[81,257],"study":[87],"cohort":[88,262],"and":[89,105,142,151,180,220,249],"site":[90],"from":[91,101,171],"an":[93,176,181,230],"ECG":[94,211],"originates.":[95],"We":[96,109,127,148,187,198],"used":[97],"70,075":[98],"12-lead":[99],"ECGs":[100,170],"four":[102],"Danish":[103],"cohorts":[104,174,273],"UK":[107],"Biobank.":[108],"trained":[110],"convolutional":[112],"neural":[113],"network":[114],"(CNN)":[115],"model":[116,165,239,269],"using":[117],"5-fold":[118],"cross-validation":[119],"each":[125],"ECG.":[126,231],"also":[128],"tested":[129],"effect":[131],"easy":[133],"vs.":[134,140,144],"difficult":[135,253],"predict":[137],"outcomes":[138,194],"(sex":[139],"diabetes)":[141],"equal":[143,196],"skewed":[145],"distributions.":[147,197],"reported":[149],"accuracy":[150,177],"F":[152,182],"1":[153,183],"score,":[154],"less":[157],"sensitive":[158],"unequal":[160],"sample":[161],"sizes.":[162],"The":[163],"CNN":[164,204],"was":[166],"able":[167],"distinguish":[169],"five":[172],"different":[173],"93.4%":[179],"score":[184],"77.1%.":[186],"found":[188],"no":[189],"easily":[192],"detected":[193],"or":[195,214],"were":[199],"unable":[200],"ascribe":[202],"performance":[205],"any":[207],"known":[208],"factors,":[209],"including":[210,217],"device,":[212],"software,":[213],"population":[215],"characteristics,":[216],"sex,":[218],"age,":[219],"comorbidities.":[221],"Combining":[232],"studies":[233,248],"introduce":[235],"confounding":[236],"if":[240],"rate":[242],"varies":[246],"identify.":[255],"In":[256],"potential":[261],"confounding,":[263],"recommend":[265],"training":[266],"baseline":[268],"separate":[271],"these":[272],"assess":[275],"strength":[277],"confounding.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2026-04-25T00:00:00"}
