{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155616967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313","title":"USF-MAE: Ultrasound self-supervised foundation model with masked autoencoding","display_name":"USF-MAE: Ultrasound self-supervised foundation model with masked autoencoding","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155616967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122874736","display_name":"Youssef Megahed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800722420","display_name":"Ottawa Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03c62dg59","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youssef Megahed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Methodological and Implementation Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2595-5468","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Methodological and Implementation Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074752434","display_name":"Robin Ducharme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-7429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800722420","display_name":"Ottawa Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03c62dg59","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Ducharme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acute Care Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-7429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acute Care Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122893094","display_name":"Aylin Erman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800722420","display_name":"Ottawa Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03c62dg59","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aylin Erman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acute Care Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-0530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acute Care Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122860124","display_name":"Mark  C. Walker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799330578","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario","ror":"https://ror.org/05nsbhw27","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799330578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800722420","display_name":"Ottawa Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03c62dg59","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark C. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Better Outcomes Registry & Network Ontario, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Department of Acute Care Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Newborn Care, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8974-4548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Better Outcomes Registry & Network Ontario, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799330578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acute Care Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Newborn Care, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027641313","display_name":"Steven Hawken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3341-9022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800722420","display_name":"Ottawa Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03c62dg59","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Hawken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Department of Methodological and Implementation Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3341-9022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Methodological and Implementation Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057240627","display_name":"Adrian D. C. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2111-247X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian D.C. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2111-247X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122874736"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420","https://openalex.org/I67031392"],"apc_list":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"apc_paid":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48506895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"122","issue":null,"first_page":"110313","last_page":"110313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.31700000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.31700000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.16249999403953552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.1428000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.5891000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4052000045776367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7346000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.5891000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777423100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888238","display_name":"Breast ultrasound","level":5,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986892559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234904","display_name":"Ultrasound imaging","level":3,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780170424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229399","display_name":"3D ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025204335","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2744692634","https://openalex.org/W2760907562","https://openalex.org/W2802194281","https://openalex.org/W2888303187","https://openalex.org/W2915232829","https://openalex.org/W2958572797","https://openalex.org/W3013692475","https://openalex.org/W3086200677","https://openalex.org/W3171381060","https://openalex.org/W3182939109","https://openalex.org/W3188585693","https://openalex.org/W3194250214","https://openalex.org/W3197348734","https://openalex.org/W3211122345","https://openalex.org/W4206735871","https://openalex.org/W4210300257","https://openalex.org/W4223899585","https://openalex.org/W4283375416","https://openalex.org/W4293163051","https://openalex.org/W4311777160","https://openalex.org/W4312084891","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4319444024","https://openalex.org/W4382777046","https://openalex.org/W4387826785","https://openalex.org/W4388491525","https://openalex.org/W4390871917","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4391109864","https://openalex.org/W4391390070","https://openalex.org/W4393222530","https://openalex.org/W4394959715","https://openalex.org/W4396599322","https://openalex.org/W4400213551","https://openalex.org/W4401662021","https://openalex.org/W4407354162","https://openalex.org/W4407937749","https://openalex.org/W4408179039","https://openalex.org/W4408688446","https://openalex.org/W4411401691","https://openalex.org/W4413010549","https://openalex.org/W4414013392","https://openalex.org/W4414556222"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultrasound":[0,69],"imaging":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,226],"diagnostic":[4],"modality":[5],"that":[6],"provides":[7],"real-time,":[8],"radiation-free":[9],"evaluation":[10],"in":[11,32,60,161],"many":[12],"clinical":[13,240],"areas.":[14],"Due":[15,35],"to":[16,29,36,133],"noise,":[17],"operator":[18],"reliance,":[19],"and":[20,42,48,98,153,158,169,187,215,228,241],"restricted":[21],"field":[22],"of":[23,39,166,213,219],"vision,":[24],"ultrasound":[25,88,100,230],"images":[26,101],"are":[27,58],"difficult":[28],"interpret,":[30],"resulting":[31],"inter-observer":[33],"variability.":[34],"the":[37,43,68,79,178,207],"lack":[38],"labelled":[40],"datasets":[41,105,253],"domain":[44],"gap":[45],"between":[46],"general":[47],"sonographic":[49],"images,":[50],"Deep":[51],"Learning":[52],"models":[53],"pre-trained":[54,85,93,141],"on":[55,87,94,145,183,190,202,247],"non-medical":[56],"data":[57],"limited":[59],"transferability.":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"these":[64],"challenges,":[65],"we":[66],"introduce":[67],"Self-Supervised":[70],"Foundation":[71],"Model":[72],"with":[73],"Masked":[74],"Autoencoding":[75],"(":[76,106],"USF-MAE":[77,126,155,176,198,224],"),":[78,108],"first":[80],"large-scale":[81],"self-supervised":[82],"MAE":[83],"framework":[84],"exclusively":[86],"data.":[89,139],"The":[90,140],"model":[91,181],"was":[92,143],"\u223c":[95],"370,000":[96],"2D":[97],"3D":[99],"from":[102,137],"46":[103],"open-source":[104],"OpenUS-46":[107],"covering":[109],"over":[110],"20":[111],"anatomical":[112],"regions.":[113],"This":[114],"curated":[115],"dataset":[116],"has":[117],"been":[118],"made":[119],"publicly":[120],"available.":[121],"Using":[122],"an":[123,211],"encoder\u2013decoder":[124],"architecture,":[125],"reconstructs":[127],"masked":[128],"image":[129],"patches,":[130],"enabling":[131],"it":[132,189],"learn":[134],"representations":[135],"directly":[136],"unlabelled":[138,249],"encoder":[142],"fine-tuned":[144],"three":[146],"public":[147,250],"downstream":[148],"classification":[149,186],"benchmarks:":[150],"BUS-BRA,":[151],"MMOTU-2D,":[152],"GIST514-DB.":[154],"outperformed":[156,188],"CNN":[157],"ViT":[159],"baselines":[160],"all":[162],"tasks,":[163,192],"attaining":[164],"F1-scores":[165],"81.6%,":[167],"79.6%,":[168],"82.4%,":[170],"respectively.":[171],"Without":[172],"labels":[173],"during":[174],"pre-training,":[175],"approached":[177],"supervised":[179],"foundation":[180,231],"UltraSam":[182],"breast":[184],"cancer":[185],"other":[191],"showing":[193],"cross-anatomical":[194],"generalization.":[195],"In":[196],"addition,":[197],"showed":[199],"strong":[200],"performance":[201],"ovarian":[203],"tumour":[204],"segmentation":[205],"using":[206],"MMOTU-2D":[208],"dataset,":[209],"achieving":[210],"mAP":[212,216],"51.0%":[214],"@":[217],"50":[218],"77.9%.":[220],"These":[221],"findings":[222],"establish":[223],"as":[225],"scalable":[227],"label-efficient":[229],"model.":[232],"Its":[233],"ultrasonic":[234],"representation":[235],"learning":[236],"approach":[237],"supports":[238],"data-efficient":[239],"research":[242],"applications":[243],"by":[244],"continually":[245],"pre-training":[246],"future":[248],"or":[251],"institutional":[252],"without":[254],"human":[255],"annotation.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-26T06:07:20.044499","created_date":"2026-04-26T00:00:00"}