{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147610765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236","title":"Pathologist-inspired Hierarchical Mamba network for robust BCC subtype prediction across multi-center whole slide images","display_name":"Pathologist-inspired Hierarchical Mamba network for robust BCC subtype prediction across multi-center whole slide images","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147610765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125731684","display_name":"Y Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142484","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x6hbh34","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132680993","display_name":"Xuanhao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111381250","display_name":"Hebei Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04eymdx19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111381250"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanhao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Hebei 171000, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Hebei 171000, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111381250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132548179","display_name":"Changping Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155042","display_name":"Tonghua Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nq41m91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Tonghua People\u2019s Hospital, Tonghua 134000, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Tonghua People\u2019s Hospital, Tonghua 134000, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109925094","display_name":"Yan Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9152-6301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142484","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x6hbh34","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110949971","display_name":"Lin Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-972X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142484","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x6hbh34","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132668847","display_name":"Junfang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142484","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x6hbh34","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132642336","display_name":"Chunli Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142484","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x6hbh34","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunli Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6247-9238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132642336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"],"apc_list":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"apc_paid":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76390801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"120","issue":null,"first_page":"110236","last_page":"110236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11306","display_name":"Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies","score":0.45980000495910645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11306","display_name":"Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies","score":0.45980000495910645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.42080000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.08789999783039093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7907000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5442000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-practice","display_name":"Clinical Practice","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7907000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6244999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5442000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781395549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680762","display_name":"Adaptive sampling","level":3,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778804307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q809758","display_name":"Basal cell carcinoma","level":3,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019992690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92767510","display_name":"Basal cell","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.761515200138092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310121","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2536515765","https://openalex.org/W2772723798","https://openalex.org/W2897587986","https://openalex.org/W2908905028","https://openalex.org/W2963296620","https://openalex.org/W3107766008","https://openalex.org/W3135829672","https://openalex.org/W3198977191","https://openalex.org/W4282926968","https://openalex.org/W4288809219","https://openalex.org/W4327703861","https://openalex.org/W4366750994","https://openalex.org/W4376114601","https://openalex.org/W4382982906","https://openalex.org/W4385336092","https://openalex.org/W4389839624","https://openalex.org/W4390872189","https://openalex.org/W4390975304","https://openalex.org/W4393095553","https://openalex.org/W4403218387","https://openalex.org/W4411163291","https://openalex.org/W4411358882","https://openalex.org/W4416158981"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Basal":[0],"cell":[1],"carcinoma":[2],"(BCC)":[3],"is":[4,21],"the":[5,44,56,68,116,192,201],"most":[6,117,193],"prevalent":[7],"cutaneous":[8],"malignancy,":[9],"with":[10,131,172,206],"rising":[11],"incidence":[12],"worldwide.":[13],"Accurate":[14],"distinction":[15],"between":[16],"low-risk":[17],"and":[18,29,77,93,101,134,162,190],"high-risk":[19],"subtypes":[20,232],"critical":[22],"for":[23,37,187,196,212],"guiding":[24],"surgical":[25],"strategies,":[26],"postoperative":[27],"management,":[28],"early":[30],"therapy.":[31],"Current":[32],"multiple-instance":[33],"learning":[34],"(MIL)":[35],"approaches":[36],"whole":[38],"slide":[39,170],"images":[40],"(WSIs)":[41],"often":[42],"overlook":[43],"spatial":[45],"continuity":[46],"of":[47,71,80,157,179],"tumor":[48],"regions,":[49],"limiting":[50],"subtype":[51,119,220],"classification":[52,120],"performance.":[53],"We":[54],"propose":[55],"Pathologist-Guided":[57],"Hierarchical":[58],"Mamba":[59],"(PHM),":[60],"a":[61,104],"novel":[62],"MIL":[63],"framework":[64,127,195],"designed":[65],"to":[66,90,122],"mirror":[67],"clinical":[69,188,234],"workflow":[70,211],"pathologists.":[72],"PHM":[73,126,166,205],"encodes":[74],"local,":[75],"regional,":[76],"global":[78,174],"representations":[79],"WSIs,":[81],"while":[82],"Adaptive":[83,216],"Enhanced":[84],"Sampling":[85],"prioritizes":[86],"high-importance":[87],"image":[88],"sequences":[89],"improve":[91],"discriminability":[92],"emphasize":[94],"rare":[95,219],"subtypes.":[96,181],"The":[97,124],"model":[98],"was":[99],"trained":[100],"validated":[102],"on":[103,137,229],"large":[105],"multi-center":[106],"BCC":[107,180,198,213],"dataset":[108],"collected":[109],"from":[110],"three":[111],"leading":[112],"Chinese":[113,202,231],"institutions,":[114],"representing":[115],"extensive":[118],"cohort":[121],"date.":[123],"proposed":[125],"achieved":[128],"state-of-the-art":[129],"performance":[130],"95.25%":[132],"AUC":[133],"87.07%":[135],"ACC":[136],"internal":[138],"validation,":[139],"surpassing":[140],"S4-Model":[141],"by":[142,222],"+2.90%":[143],"AUC.":[144],"External":[145],"validation":[146,228],"confirmed":[147],"strong":[148],"generalization":[149],"(93.36%":[150],"AUC).":[151],"Ablation":[152],"studies":[153],"demonstrated":[154],"synergistic":[155],"effects":[156],"hierarchical":[158,169],"Mamba,":[159],"cross-regional":[160,207],"attention,":[161],"enhanced":[163,173],"sampling":[164,217],"components.":[165],"effectively":[167],"integrates":[168],"representation":[171],"sampling,":[175],"yielding":[176],"improved":[177],"recognition":[178,221],"This":[182],"work":[183],"demonstrates":[184],"robust":[185],"applicability":[186],"practice":[189],"establishes":[191],"comprehensive":[194],"subtype-specific":[197],"diagnosis":[199],"within":[200],"population.":[203],"\u2022":[204,215,226],"attention":[208],"mirrors":[209],"pathologists\u2019":[210,224],"subtyping.":[214],"boosts":[218],"emulating":[223],"focus.":[225],"Multi-center":[227],"eight":[230],"ensures":[233],"applicability.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T13:53:19.096889","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}