{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155374349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216","title":"HCF-Net: A Hierarchical Co-evolutionary Fusion Network for continuous affective state estimation from synergistic EEG-cardiac dynamics","display_name":"HCF-Net: A Hierarchical Co-evolutionary Fusion Network for continuous affective state estimation from synergistic EEG-cardiac dynamics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155374349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102373242","display_name":"Yulong Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0540-6558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102869280","display_name":"Zhiyong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8533-0524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101409897","display_name":"Cong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2665-7153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2665-7153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134396737","display_name":"Hai Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134413795","display_name":"Runrulin He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runrulin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104241214","display_name":"Yuancan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuancan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102869280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"],"apc_list":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"apc_paid":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92676908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"121","issue":null,"first_page":"110216","last_page":"110216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.7382000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.7382000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.15620000660419464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.03660000115633011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4602000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.37369999289512634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8058000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4602000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173414695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510276","display_name":"Fusion mechanism","level":4,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2731964405","https://openalex.org/W2790404832","https://openalex.org/W2810418809","https://openalex.org/W2920936173","https://openalex.org/W3119503696","https://openalex.org/W3184236853","https://openalex.org/W3215947932","https://openalex.org/W4220866631","https://openalex.org/W4221116071","https://openalex.org/W4307551220","https://openalex.org/W4307847583","https://openalex.org/W4313367562","https://openalex.org/W4375953228","https://openalex.org/W4388662524","https://openalex.org/W4392513529","https://openalex.org/W4393397422","https://openalex.org/W4397007529","https://openalex.org/W4400188062","https://openalex.org/W4402026339","https://openalex.org/W4402634302","https://openalex.org/W4406521461"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective":[0],"assessment":[1],"of":[2,46,66,77,127,181,188],"affective":[3,39,204],"states":[4],"is":[5,55,69,112,197],"a":[6,32,70,80,118,135,177,184,198,225,240],"critical":[7],"unmet":[8],"need":[9],"in":[10,146],"managing":[11],"mood":[12],"disorders":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"major":[16],"depression,":[17],"where":[18],"reliance":[19],"on":[20,170],"subjective":[21],"self-reports":[22],"limits":[23],"timely":[24],"intervention.":[25],"To":[26,149],"address":[27],"this,":[28],"we":[29,153],"propose":[30,212],"HCF-Net,":[31],"multimodal":[33,195],"deep":[34],"learning":[35],"framework":[36,68],"for":[37,124,202,216,232,244],"continuous":[38,203],"state":[40,205],"estimation":[41,206],"from":[42,207],"the":[43,58,84,125,164,171],"synergistic":[44],"dynamics":[45,145],"EEG":[47,98,128,242],"and":[48,99,132,134,158,183],"ECG":[49,53,100,147,227],"signals":[50],"(in":[51],"DEAP,":[52],"activity":[54],"represented":[56],"by":[57,114],"plethysmograph-derived":[59],"blood":[60],"volume":[61],"pulse,":[62],"BVP).":[63],"The":[64],"core":[65],"our":[67],"Hierarchical":[71],"Co-evolutionary":[72],"Fusion":[73,121],"(HCF)":[74],"mechanism.":[75],"Instead":[76],"performing":[78],"only":[79],"single":[81],"interaction":[82,111],"at":[83,92],"top":[85],"layer,":[86],"HCF":[87],"inserts":[88],"layer-wise":[89,194],"cross-attention":[90,215],"updates":[91],"selected":[93],"encoder":[94],"depths":[95],"so":[96],"that":[97,193],"feature":[101],"representations":[102],"can":[103],"iteratively":[104],"refine":[105],"one":[106],"another":[107],"during":[108],"encoding.":[109],"This":[110],"anchored":[113],"two":[115],"specialized":[116],"frontends:":[117],"parameter-free":[119,241],"Mutual-Referencing":[120],"Core":[122],"(MRFC)":[123],"enhancement":[126],"time\u2013frequency":[129],"features":[130],"(DE":[131],"PSD),":[133],"lightweight":[136],"Mamba-based":[137],"architecture,":[138],"PhysioMamba,":[139,224],"engineered":[140],"to":[141,162],"efficiently":[142],"capture":[143],"long-range":[144,234],"waveforms.":[148],"support":[150],"scientific":[151],"interpretation,":[152],"further":[154],"introduce":[155,223],"an":[156],"attention-":[157],"gate-based":[159],"analysis":[160],"protocol":[161],"visualize":[163],"learned":[165],"cross-modal":[166],"interactions.":[167],"When":[168],"validated":[169],"public":[172],"DEAP":[173,250],"dataset,":[174],"HCF-Net":[175,213],"achieved":[176],"Mean":[178,185],"Absolute":[179],"Error":[180,187],"1.7609":[182],"Squared":[186],"4.4916.":[189],"These":[190],"results":[191],"suggest":[192],"fusion":[196],"promising":[199],"design":[200,238],"choice":[201],"physiological":[208],"signals.":[209],"\u2022":[210,221,236],"We":[211,222,237],"with":[214,229,246],"EEG-ECG,":[217],"replacing":[218],"late":[219],"fusion.":[220],"Mamba":[226],"model":[228],"CNN":[230],"frontend":[231,243],"multi-scale,":[233],"dynamics.":[235],"MRFC,":[239],"DE/PSD;":[245],"HCF,":[247],"it":[248],"boosts":[249],"regression.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2026-04-24T00:00:00"}