{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410202408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","title":"DBESN: A novel model for detecting and identifying malicious code in a smart contract","display_name":"DBESN: A novel model for detecting and identifying malicious code in a smart contract","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410202408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028611844","display_name":"Punam Bedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6007-7961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110166357","display_name":"University of Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzb2213","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Punam Bedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6007-7961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012674946","display_name":"Vinita Jindal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0481-4840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110166357","display_name":"University of Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzb2213","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vinita Jindal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keshav Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0481-4840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keshav Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117479706","display_name":"Ningyao Ningshen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110166357","display_name":"University of Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzb2213","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningyao Ningshen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086846367","display_name":"Pushkar Gole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0715-9490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110166357","display_name":"University of Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzb2213","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pushkar Gole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0715-9490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012674946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110166357"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12372398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"100304","last_page":"100304"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6240416169166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.591319739818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4887814223766327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.34395283460617065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6240416169166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.591319739818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4887814223766327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34395283460617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35fd055a24cb4955ac18d3519e3ce921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35fd055a24cb4955ac18d3519e3ce921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 100304- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127589108","https://openalex.org/W2762995172","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W3033728179","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3106747422","https://openalex.org/W3121385022","https://openalex.org/W3175005086","https://openalex.org/W3187454871","https://openalex.org/W3194459061","https://openalex.org/W3217810871","https://openalex.org/W4281717669","https://openalex.org/W4296251701","https://openalex.org/W4299357714","https://openalex.org/W4304127651","https://openalex.org/W4313569595","https://openalex.org/W4313583800","https://openalex.org/W4316037971","https://openalex.org/W4318830530","https://openalex.org/W4366809066","https://openalex.org/W4376278349","https://openalex.org/W4385986584","https://openalex.org/W4386779376","https://openalex.org/W4388924693","https://openalex.org/W4391169058","https://openalex.org/W4391217333","https://openalex.org/W4394769500","https://openalex.org/W4403510295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1,35,44,65,266],"represent":[2],"a":[3,177,222],"predefined":[4],"set":[5],"of":[6,28,61,99,157,162,202,225,234,247],"rules":[7],"invoked":[8],"when":[9],"specific":[10],"conditions":[11],"are":[12,83,86],"met":[13],"within":[14,165,207,257],"blockchain":[15,258],"networks,":[16],"eliminating":[17],"the":[18,59,96,115,159,166,181,200,203,208,212,238,243,248],"need":[19],"for":[20,187,255],"centralized":[21],"authority":[22,30],"to":[23,36,48,107,130,170,197,260],"validate":[24],"transactions.":[25],"The":[26],"absence":[27],"central":[29],"can":[31,45],"potentially":[32],"expose":[33],"smart":[34,43,64,135,167,190,209,265],"fraudulent":[37],"behavior.":[38],"Moreover,":[39,151],"implementation":[40],"flaws":[41],"in":[42,53,63,114],"be":[46],"exploited":[47],"cause":[49],"unintended":[50],"behavior,":[51],"resulting":[52],"security":[54,110],"or":[55,146],"financial":[56],"risks.":[57],"Traditionally,":[58],"identification":[60],"vulnerabilities":[62],"has":[66],"relied":[67],"on":[68,148],"methods":[69],"such":[70],"as":[71],"pattern":[72],"matching,":[73],"data":[74],"flow":[75],"analysis,":[76],"and":[77,91,111,125,133,227,262,268],"input":[78],"testing.":[79],"While":[80],"these":[81,172],"techniques":[82,129],"foundational,":[84],"they":[85],"constrained":[87],"by":[88],"human":[89],"limitations":[90],"may":[92],"not":[93],"comprehensively":[94],"address":[95,171],"full":[97],"spectrum":[98],"potential":[100],"issues.":[101],"This":[102],"necessitates":[103],"more":[104],"advanced":[105],"approaches":[106],"ensure":[108],"robust":[109],"reliability.":[112],"Therefore,":[113,169],"literature,":[116],"numerous":[117],"researchers":[118],"have":[119],"leveraged":[120],"different":[121],"Machine":[122],"Learning":[123,127],"(ML)":[124],"Deep":[126],"(DL)":[128],"classify":[131],"normal":[132],"malicious":[134,163,189,264],"contracts.":[136,168,191],"However,":[137],"existing":[138,152],"literature":[139],"either":[140],"grapples":[141],"with":[142,230,242],"class":[143],"imbalance":[144],"issues":[145],"relies":[147],"conventional":[149],"methods.":[150],"research":[153],"often":[154],"falls":[155],"short":[156],"locating":[158],"exact":[160],"location":[161],"code":[164,205],"gaps,":[173],"this":[174,193],"paper":[175],"proposes":[176],"novel":[178],"model":[179,194],"called":[180],"Dual-Branch":[182],"Encoder":[183],"Siamese":[184],"Network":[185],"(DBESN)":[186],"detecting":[188],"Furthermore,":[192],"is":[195,253],"extended":[196],"precisely":[198],"identify":[199,263],"region":[201],"vulnerable":[204],"fragment":[206],"contract":[210],"using":[211],"Local":[213],"Interpretable":[214],"Model-Agnostic":[215],"Explanations":[216],"(LIME)":[217],"algorithm.":[218],"Experimental":[219],"results":[220],"demonstrated":[221],"performance":[223,240],"Accuracy":[224],"98.62%":[226],"99.30%":[228],"F1-Score":[229],"an":[231],"inference":[232,245],"time":[233,246],"0.296":[235],"seconds.":[236],"Given":[237],"high":[239],"coupled":[241],"low":[244],"proposed":[249],"DBESN":[250],"model,":[251],"it":[252],"suitable":[254],"deployment":[256],"networks":[259],"detect":[261],"effectively":[267],"efficiently.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T06:11:07.267592","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
