{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402127092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232","title":"A prototype model of zero trust architecture blockchain with EigenTrust-based practical Byzantine fault tolerance protocol to manage decentralized clinical trials","display_name":"A prototype model of zero trust architecture blockchain with EigenTrust-based practical Byzantine fault tolerance protocol to manage decentralized clinical trials","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402127092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056483158","display_name":"Ashok Peepliwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-5838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183088076","display_name":"IIHMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/02crnef85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183088076"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashok Kumar Peepliwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIHMR University, Jaipur, 302029, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-5838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIHMR University, Jaipur, 302029, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183088076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024893234","display_name":"Hari Mohan Pandey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-068X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","display_name":"Bournemouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wwcw481","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hari Mohan Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH13 5BB, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-068X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH13 5BB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100985319","display_name":"Surya Prakash","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81020251","display_name":"Great Lakes Institute of Management","ror":"https://ror.org/038nxyh73","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81020251"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surya Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Great Lakes Institute of Management Gurgaon, Bilaspur-Tauru Road, Near Bilaspur, Chowk, NH-8, Gurugram, Haryana, 122413, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Great Lakes Institute of Management Gurgaon, Bilaspur-Tauru Road, Near Bilaspur, Chowk, NH-8, Gurugram, Haryana, 122413, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81020251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025226420","display_name":"Sudhinder Singh Chowhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9824-1379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183088076","display_name":"IIHMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/02crnef85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183088076"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudhinder Singh Chowhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIHMR University, Jaipur, 302029, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9824-1379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIHMR University, Jaipur, 302029, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183088076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082181275","display_name":"Vinesh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-0839"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinesh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["LBS College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302001, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LBS College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302001, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063419401","display_name":"R.S. Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-0710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183088076","display_name":"IIHMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/02crnef85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183088076"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIHMR University, Jaipur, 302029, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-0710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIHMR University, Jaipur, 302029, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183088076"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008779826","display_name":"Anand Mahajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6590-4559"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand A. Mahajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Goa College of Pharmacy, 18th June Road, Panaji 403001, Goa, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6590-4559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Goa College of Pharmacy, 18th June Road, Panaji 403001, Goa, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056483158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183088076"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":2.238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90548244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"100232","last_page":"100232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9106611013412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.8026114702224731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.7053097486495972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.614547610282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-architecture","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","score":0.6053090691566467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6006550788879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.48954448103904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4088805317878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19196635484695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12777158617973328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08117416501045227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9106611013412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.8026114702224731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.7053097486495972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.614547610282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104562893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47591","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","level":2,"score":0.6053090691566467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6006550788879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.48954448103904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4088805317878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19196635484695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12777158617973328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08117416501045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980798977","https://openalex.org/W2000082121","https://openalex.org/W2156523427","https://openalex.org/W2775554754","https://openalex.org/W2793723077","https://openalex.org/W2794647042","https://openalex.org/W2799964131","https://openalex.org/W2890967730","https://openalex.org/W2894786170","https://openalex.org/W2922504922","https://openalex.org/W2923353898","https://openalex.org/W2940781845","https://openalex.org/W2941724816","https://openalex.org/W2942087467","https://openalex.org/W2981337706","https://openalex.org/W2989687495","https://openalex.org/W2991141175","https://openalex.org/W2996405275","https://openalex.org/W3003936169","https://openalex.org/W3004796669","https://openalex.org/W3013462939","https://openalex.org/W3020807105","https://openalex.org/W3021604437","https://openalex.org/W3037424985","https://openalex.org/W3043520462","https://openalex.org/W3085707038","https://openalex.org/W3121747242","https://openalex.org/W3139089573","https://openalex.org/W3147361406","https://openalex.org/W3152646236","https://openalex.org/W3158668078","https://openalex.org/W3159893651","https://openalex.org/W3176636281","https://openalex.org/W3177127698","https://openalex.org/W3192267222","https://openalex.org/W3196428567","https://openalex.org/W3205772203","https://openalex.org/W3210731496","https://openalex.org/W4200062586","https://openalex.org/W4206027366","https://openalex.org/W4210655826","https://openalex.org/W4213458432","https://openalex.org/W4225117080","https://openalex.org/W4238136901","https://openalex.org/W4282945617","https://openalex.org/W4283831807","https://openalex.org/W4285727657","https://openalex.org/W4309549396","https://openalex.org/W4310153698","https://openalex.org/W4311580567","https://openalex.org/W4320496187","https://openalex.org/W4321090867","https://openalex.org/W4360977390","https://openalex.org/W4362665947","https://openalex.org/W4366824110","https://openalex.org/W4381549401","https://openalex.org/W4382202503","https://openalex.org/W4385234335","https://openalex.org/W4385737807","https://openalex.org/W6645383693","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6683085950","https://openalex.org/W6749548732","https://openalex.org/W6754491325","https://openalex.org/W6760441541","https://openalex.org/W6775328258","https://openalex.org/W6792395405","https://openalex.org/W6794098577","https://openalex.org/W6819980475","https://openalex.org/W6838744493","https://openalex.org/W6842486507","https://openalex.org/W6848070982","https://openalex.org/W6853512621"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W2145120192"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,138],"COVID-19":[1],"pandemic":[2],"necessitated":[3],"the":[4,102,123,157,172],"emergence":[5],"of":[6,53,95,104,122,159],"decentralized":[7,73],"Clinical":[8],"Trials":[9],"(DCTs)":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,38,45,128,165],"patient":[13],"retention,":[14],"accelerate":[15],"trials,":[16],"improve":[17],"data":[18,37,85,107,133,167],"accessibility,":[19],"enable":[20],"virtual":[21],"care,":[22],"and":[23,56,114,183,190,192],"facilitate":[24],"seamless":[25],"communication":[26],"through":[27],"integrated":[28,164],"systems.":[29],"However,":[30],"integrating":[31],"systems":[32],"in":[33],"DCTs":[34],"exposes":[35],"clinical":[36,105,131],"potential":[39],"security":[40],"threats,":[41],"making":[42],"them":[43],"susceptible":[44],"theft":[46],"at":[47],"any":[48],"stage,":[49],"a":[50,67,72,81,119,150],"high":[51],"risk":[52],"protocol":[54],"deviations,":[55],"monitoring":[57],"issues.":[58],"To":[59],"mitigate":[60],"these":[61],"challenges,":[62],"blockchain":[63,100,173],"technology":[64],"serves":[65],"as":[66,71,149],"secure":[68],"framework,":[69],"acting":[70],"ledger,":[74],"creating":[75],"an":[76],"immutable":[77],"environment":[78],"by":[79],"establishing":[80],"zero-trust":[82],"architecture,":[83],"where":[84],"are":[86],"deemed":[87],"untrusted":[88],"until":[89],"verified.":[90],"In":[91],"combination":[92],"with":[93],"Internet":[94,158],"Things":[96,160],"(IoT)-enabled":[97],"wearable":[98],"devices,":[99],"secures":[101],"transfer":[103],"trial":[106,132],"on":[108],"private":[109],"blockchains":[110],"during":[111,134],"DCT":[112,135],"automation":[113],"operations.":[115],"This":[116],"paper":[117],"proposes":[118],"prototype":[120],"model":[121],"Zero-Trust":[124],"Architecture":[125],"Blockchain":[126],"(z-TAB)":[127],"integrate":[129],"patient-generated":[130],"operation":[136],"management.":[137],"EigenTrust-based":[139],"Practical":[140],"Byzantine":[141],"Fault":[142],"Tolerance":[143],"(T-PBFT)":[144],"algorithm":[145],"has":[146,162,177],"been":[147,163,178],"incorporated":[148],"consensus":[151],"protocol,":[152],"leveraging":[153],"Hyperledger":[154],"Fabric.":[155],"Furthermore,":[156],"(IoT)":[161],"streamline":[166],"processing":[168],"among":[169],"stakeholders":[170],"within":[171],"platforms.":[174],"Rigorous":[175],"evaluation":[176],"done":[179],"for":[180],"immutability,":[181],"privacy":[182],"security,":[184],"mutual":[185],"consensus,":[186],"transparency,":[187],"accountability,":[188],"tracking":[189],"tracing,":[191],"temperature\u2012humidity":[193],"control":[194],"parameters.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
