{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400880897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222","title":"Looking for stability in proof-of-stake based consensus mechanisms","display_name":"Looking for stability in proof-of-stake based consensus mechanisms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400880897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083297323","display_name":"Alberto Leporati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8105-4371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Leporati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, Viale Sarca 336, 20126, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8105-4371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, Viale Sarca 336, 20126, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006067261","display_name":"Lorenzo Rovida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-7932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Rovida","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, Viale Sarca 336, 20126, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-7932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, Viale Sarca 336, 20126, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006067261","https://openalex.org/A5083297323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":6.6002,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96671935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"100222","last_page":"100222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/validator","display_name":"Validator","score":0.8107817769050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tweaking","display_name":"Tweaking","score":0.7947669625282288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.7854032516479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7370936274528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.518582820892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.48159095644950867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4802663326263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.4263649880886078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3831383287906647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29554039239883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2938714921474457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.25714683532714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23515284061431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2052028775215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1404585838317871}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35292069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1575458","display_name":"Validator","level":2,"score":0.8107817769050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780200862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4453309","display_name":"Tweaking","level":2,"score":0.7947669625282288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.7854032516479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7370936274528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.518582820892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.48159095644950867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4802663326263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4263649880886078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3831383287906647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29554039239883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2938714921474457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25714683532714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23515284061431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2052028775215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1404585838317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/501619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10281/501619","pdf_url":"https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/501619/1/Leporati-2024-BCRA-AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3bca01f87be9460491ec67db28ebf78a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3bca01f87be9460491ec67db28ebf78a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications, Vol 5, Iss 4, Pp 100222- (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152090207","https://openalex.org/W2621187651","https://openalex.org/W2954103930","https://openalex.org/W3014171364","https://openalex.org/W3089443464","https://openalex.org/W3090588314","https://openalex.org/W3119533029","https://openalex.org/W3126499642","https://openalex.org/W3134254533","https://openalex.org/W3158519792","https://openalex.org/W3159775254","https://openalex.org/W3170841198","https://openalex.org/W4281950382","https://openalex.org/W4285125943","https://openalex.org/W4292208693","https://openalex.org/W4293253258","https://openalex.org/W4320015972","https://openalex.org/W4394862789","https://openalex.org/W6632368477","https://openalex.org/W6682557093","https://openalex.org/W6773567146","https://openalex.org/W6775644793","https://openalex.org/W6783490714","https://openalex.org/W6789184182","https://openalex.org/W6839250265","https://openalex.org/W6839784037","https://openalex.org/W6841887799","https://openalex.org/W7009774163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318683744","https://openalex.org/W2910132097","https://openalex.org/W4375842390","https://openalex.org/W2383224865","https://openalex.org/W3136330736","https://openalex.org/W1600705311","https://openalex.org/W4241780599","https://openalex.org/W4392754416","https://openalex.org/W4292825312","https://openalex.org/W4283366772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Proof-of-Stake":[1],"(PoS)":[2],"consensus":[3,71,110,141],"algorithm":[4],"has":[5,25],"been":[6],"criticized,":[7],"in":[8,12,58,112],"the":[9,18,42,59,79,85,115,125,145,149],"literature":[10],"and":[11,40,76,108],"several":[13,67],"cryptocurrencies":[14],"communities,":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,28,65,96,104,147],"so-called":[19],"compounding":[20],"effect:":[21],"who":[22],"is":[23],"richer":[24,121],"more":[26],"coins":[27,83],"stake,":[29],"therefore":[30],"higher":[31],"probability":[32],"of":[33,69,81,100,128,158],"being":[34],"selected":[35],"as":[36],"a":[37,54,91,106,138,155],"block":[38],"validator":[39],"obtaining":[41],"corresponding":[43],"rewards,":[44],"thus":[45],"becoming":[46],"even":[47,153],"richer.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,133],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,135],"present":[53],"PoS":[55],"simulator":[56],"written":[57],"Julia":[60],"language":[61],"that":[62,143],"allows":[63,144],"one":[64,119],"test":[66],"variants":[68],"PoS-based":[70,140],"algorithms,":[72],"tweaking":[73],"their":[74],"parameters,":[75],"observe":[77],"how":[78],"distribution":[80,151],"cryptocurrency":[82],"among":[84],"users":[86],"evolves":[87],"over":[88,114],"time.":[89],"Such":[90],"tool":[92],"can":[93],"be":[94],"used":[95],"investigate":[97],"which":[98],"combinations":[99],"parameters":[101],"values":[102],"allow":[103],"obtain":[105],"\u201cfair\u201d":[107],"stable":[109,152],"algorithm,":[111],"which,":[113],"long":[116],"term,":[117],"no":[118],"gets":[120],"or":[122],"poorer":[123],"by":[124],"mere":[126],"act":[127],"validating":[129],"blocks.":[130],"Based":[131],"on":[132],"investigation,":[134],"also":[136],"introduce":[137],"new":[139],"mechanism":[142],"system":[146],"keep":[148],"wealth":[150],"after":[154],"large":[156],"number":[157],"epochs.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
