{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399998169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213","title":"Blockchain-based crowdsourcing for human intelligence tasks with dual fairness","display_name":"Blockchain-based crowdsourcing for human intelligence tasks with dual fairness","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399998169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007327474","display_name":"Yihuai Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6254-9969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihuai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 999 Xi'an Road, Pidu District, Chengdu City, 611756, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 999 Xi'an Road, Pidu District, Chengdu City, 611756, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755331","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-6232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061420652","display_name":"Byeong\u2010Seok Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7742-4846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byeong-Seok Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7742-4846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061420652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":0.7334,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75298158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"100213","last_page":"100213"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.9514913558959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7717921137809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6383547782897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6095600128173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-rule","display_name":"Majority rule","score":0.6021934151649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5479632616043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5176625847816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5123640298843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.45484623312950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.45170390605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.4429929852485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.439120352268219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.4276588559150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3662986159324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.2666327953338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22471952438354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1703166663646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15701928734779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1354524791240692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.9514913558959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7717921137809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6383547782897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6095600128173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.6021934151649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5479632616043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5176625847816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5123640298843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.45484623312950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.45170390605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.4429929852485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.439120352268219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.4276588559150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3662986159324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.2666327953338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22471952438354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1703166663646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15701928734779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1354524791240692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:282b41e2faa54b7c8175fe68fd980c60","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/282b41e2faa54b7c8175fe68fd980c60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications, Vol 5, Iss 4, Pp 100213- (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021651899","https://openalex.org/W2057636642","https://openalex.org/W2136888943","https://openalex.org/W2139910984","https://openalex.org/W2477523090","https://openalex.org/W2497869944","https://openalex.org/W2505158011","https://openalex.org/W2555816113","https://openalex.org/W2564556261","https://openalex.org/W2585226541","https://openalex.org/W2724474800","https://openalex.org/W2768820694","https://openalex.org/W2771557154","https://openalex.org/W2790634852","https://openalex.org/W2791307302","https://openalex.org/W2792932412","https://openalex.org/W2795991327","https://openalex.org/W2807634467","https://openalex.org/W2892142441","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2901556011","https://openalex.org/W2912083425","https://openalex.org/W2912366721","https://openalex.org/W2913668833","https://openalex.org/W2914020154","https://openalex.org/W2914783728","https://openalex.org/W2929438235","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2973889821","https://openalex.org/W2999393238","https://openalex.org/W3005959545","https://openalex.org/W3033965148","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3181836789","https://openalex.org/W4200186003","https://openalex.org/W4213379127","https://openalex.org/W4214931895","https://openalex.org/W4232172926","https://openalex.org/W4242461009","https://openalex.org/W4282960659","https://openalex.org/W4286447321","https://openalex.org/W4288070794","https://openalex.org/W4312689295","https://openalex.org/W4315746341","https://openalex.org/W4321993631","https://openalex.org/W4324144553","https://openalex.org/W4391179622","https://openalex.org/W6603611529","https://openalex.org/W6627409785","https://openalex.org/W6631436684","https://openalex.org/W6632372687","https://openalex.org/W6633001808","https://openalex.org/W6633543543","https://openalex.org/W6633706147","https://openalex.org/W6635298198","https://openalex.org/W6661583179","https://openalex.org/W6672224804","https://openalex.org/W6672308579","https://openalex.org/W6682171051","https://openalex.org/W6689688209","https://openalex.org/W6726548542","https://openalex.org/W6730089640","https://openalex.org/W6737236263","https://openalex.org/W6740055604","https://openalex.org/W6743821447","https://openalex.org/W6748786018","https://openalex.org/W6749096964","https://openalex.org/W6758879630","https://openalex.org/W6764400505","https://openalex.org/W6765217701","https://openalex.org/W6771899034","https://openalex.org/W6773412447","https://openalex.org/W6775397841","https://openalex.org/W6776126788","https://openalex.org/W6778676989","https://openalex.org/W6782678866","https://openalex.org/W6797995417","https://openalex.org/W6847134552","https://openalex.org/W6848222167","https://openalex.org/W6950329574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4286908577","https://openalex.org/W2737596577","https://openalex.org/W2039876276","https://openalex.org/W2605569989","https://openalex.org/W2109094787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"intelligence":[1],"tasks":[2],"(HITs)":[3],"are":[4,203],"widely":[5],"utilized":[6,146],"for":[7,15,71,174],"crowdsourcing":[8,19,37,69],"human":[9],"knowledge,":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,54],"labeling":[13],"images":[14],"machine":[16],"learning.":[17],"Centralized":[18],"platforms":[20],"face":[21],"challenges":[22],"of":[23,27,32,44,57,62,151,183,186,193],"a":[24,30,67,104,155],"single":[25],"point":[26],"failure":[28],"and":[29,78,80,87,114,126,178,200,208],"lack":[31],"service":[33],"transparency.":[34],"Existing":[35],"blockchain-based":[36,68,157],"approaches":[38],"overlook":[39],"the":[40,55,109,149,184,191],"low":[41],"scalability":[42],"problem":[43],"permissionless":[45],"blockchains":[46],"or":[47],"inconveniently":[48],"rely":[49,96],"on":[50,97,103,123],"existing":[51],"ground-truth":[52],"data":[53],"root":[56],"trust":[58],"to":[59,107,147,161,205],"evaluate":[60,206],"quality":[61,150],"workers'":[63,139,152],"answers.":[64,140,153],"We":[65],"propose":[66],"scheme":[70,93,119,132,170],"ensuring":[72,167],"dual":[73,110],"fairness":[74],"(i.e.,":[75],"preventing":[76],"false-reporting":[77],"free-riding)":[79],"improving":[81],"on-chain":[82,85,164,176],"efficiency":[83],"concerning":[84],"storage":[86,177],"smart":[88,179],"contract":[89,180],"computation.":[90],"The":[91,141,169],"proposed":[92],"does":[94],"not":[95],"trusted":[98],"authorities":[99],"but":[100],"rather":[101],"depends":[102],"public":[105],"blockchain":[106],"guarantee":[108],"fairness.":[111],"An":[112],"efficient":[113],"publicly":[115],"verifiable":[116],"truth":[117,130,137,143],"discovery":[118,131],"is":[120,144,159,198],"designed":[121,160],"based":[122],"majority":[124],"voting":[125],"cryptographic":[127],"accumulators.":[128],"This":[129],"aims":[133],"at":[134],"inferring":[135],"ground":[136,142],"from":[138],"further":[145,162],"estimate":[148],"Additionally,":[154],"novel":[156],"protocol":[158],"reduce":[163],"costs":[165],"while":[166],"truthfulness.":[168],"has":[171],"O(n)":[172],"complexity":[173],"both":[175],"computation,":[181],"regardless":[182],"number":[185,192],"questions,":[187],"where":[188],"n":[189],"denotes":[190],"workers.":[194],"Formal":[195],"security":[196],"analysis":[197],"provided,":[199],"extensive":[201],"experiments":[202],"conducted":[204],"effectiveness":[207],"performance.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}