{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384926196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155","title":"ULS-PBFT: An ultra-low storage overhead PBFT consensus for blockchain","display_name":"ULS-PBFT: An ultra-low storage overhead PBFT consensus for blockchain","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384926196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001423451","display_name":"Haoxiang Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haoxiang Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5531-4291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001423451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":15.1056,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98983663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"100155","last_page":"100155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8387305736541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.7900079488754272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.69406658411026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6787782907485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6235311031341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5927538275718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-data-store","display_name":"Distributed data store","score":0.5178449749946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.4982335567474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3967652916908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.28373080492019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1540735960006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14747470617294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.09652233123779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.05774828791618347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8387305736541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.7900079488754272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.69406658411026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6787782907485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6235311031341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5927538275718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24885549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339678","display_name":"Distributed data store","level":2,"score":0.5178449749946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.4982335567474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3967652916908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.28373080492019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1540735960006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14747470617294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.09652233123779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.05774828791618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8dd9f082782846f09f3680e70de13812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8dd9f082782846f09f3680e70de13812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications, Vol 4, Iss 4, Pp 100155- (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2232354859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022NSFSC0913","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3004892158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCL2018KP001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003214215","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2553854225","https://openalex.org/W2584120063","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2924387646","https://openalex.org/W3003936169","https://openalex.org/W3031161010","https://openalex.org/W3095507148","https://openalex.org/W3099773961","https://openalex.org/W3102600874","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3116587385","https://openalex.org/W3151152081","https://openalex.org/W3201288682","https://openalex.org/W3208988473","https://openalex.org/W4205995736","https://openalex.org/W4210362383","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4221046479","https://openalex.org/W4226211163","https://openalex.org/W4281716264","https://openalex.org/W4285215845","https://openalex.org/W4285251228","https://openalex.org/W4297955515","https://openalex.org/W4310050096","https://openalex.org/W4313254960","https://openalex.org/W4317809514","https://openalex.org/W4319069004","https://openalex.org/W4320009725","https://openalex.org/W4321108605","https://openalex.org/W4322631778","https://openalex.org/W4396879195","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6729722957","https://openalex.org/W6750082543","https://openalex.org/W6753126779","https://openalex.org/W6788003935","https://openalex.org/W6803081391","https://openalex.org/W6806279754","https://openalex.org/W6807002295","https://openalex.org/W6807317165","https://openalex.org/W6838480163","https://openalex.org/W6839476431","https://openalex.org/W6848079041","https://openalex.org/W6849359534","https://openalex.org/W6850012972"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3175952582","https://openalex.org/W4292971579","https://openalex.org/W2947077666","https://openalex.org/W2029672793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,11,33,49,113,117,131,135,146,154,165,169,172,180,191,205,219],"Practical":[2],"Byzantine":[3,175],"Fault":[4],"Tolerance":[5],"(PBFT)":[6],"consensus":[7,105,129,142],"mechanism":[8],"can":[9,143],"avoid":[10],"performance":[12,220],"bottleneck":[13],"of":[14,20,48,56,133,156,160,171,174,182,209,221],"blockchain":[15,34,92,192],"systems":[16,93],"caused":[17],"by":[18],"Proof":[19],"Work":[21],"(PoW),":[22],"it":[23],"has":[24],"been":[25],"widely":[26],"used":[27,83],"in":[28,32,84,94,158,168],"many":[29],"scenarios.":[30],"However,":[31],"system,":[35,50],"each":[36],"node":[37,206],"is":[38,60,81,212],"required":[39],"to":[40,62,64,89,111,190],"back":[41],"up":[42],"all":[43],"transactions":[44],"and":[45,76,138,197,201,226],"block":[46],"data":[47],"which":[51,107],"will":[52],"waste":[53],"a":[54],"lot":[55],"storage":[57,68,102,114,136,147,200,222],"resources.":[58],"It":[59],"difficult":[61],"apply":[63],"scenarios":[65,217],"with":[66,194],"limited":[67],"resources":[69],"such":[70,187],"as":[71],"unmanned":[72],"aerial":[73],"vehicle":[74],"networks":[75],"smart":[77],"security":[78,166,227],"protection,":[79],"thus,":[80],"often":[82],"small-scale":[85],"networks.":[86],"In":[87,119,149],"order":[88],"deploy":[90],"PBFT-based":[91],"large-scale":[95],"network":[96],"scenarios,":[97],"we":[98,122,151,185],"propose":[99,124],"an":[100,125],"ultra-low":[101],"overhead":[103,115],"PBFT":[104,128,211],"(ULS-PBFT),":[106],"groups":[108],"nodes":[109],"hierarchically":[110],"limit":[112],"within":[116],"group.":[118],"this":[120,141],"paper,":[121],"first":[123],"optimal":[126],"double-layer":[127,210],"from":[130],"perspective":[132],"minimizing":[134],"overhead,":[137,162,223,225],"prove":[139],"that":[140],"significantly":[144],"reduce":[145],"overhead.":[148,203],"addition,":[150],"also":[152],"investigate":[153],"superiority":[155],"ULS-PBFT":[157],"terms":[159],"communication":[161,202,224],"while":[163],"giving":[164],"threshold":[167],"presence":[170],"possibility":[173],"nodes.":[176],"Simulation":[177],"results":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"advantages":[181],"ULS-PBFT.":[183],"Then,":[184],"extend":[186],"grouping":[188,207],"idea":[189],"system":[193],"X-layer":[195],"PBFT,":[196],"analyze":[198],"its":[199],"Finally,":[204],"strategy":[208],"studied":[213],"for":[214],"four":[215],"application":[216],"when":[218],"are":[228],"considered":[229],"comprehensively.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}