{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202697695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","title":"Conditions for advantageous quantum Bitcoin mining","display_name":"Conditions for advantageous quantum Bitcoin mining","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202697695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","mag":"3202697695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032842673","display_name":"Robert R. Nerem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-5855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert R. Nerem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, California, 92093, United States","Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-5855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, California, 92093, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050039766","display_name":"Daya Ram Gaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6876-6000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107949126","display_name":"University of Lethbridge","ror":"https://ror.org/044j76961","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daya R. Gaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6876-6000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032842673"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":1.6851,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86662524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"100141","last_page":"100141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.49772265553474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.436554491519928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3972246050834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23920667171478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22087141871452332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.12496599555015564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.49772265553474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.436554491519928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3972246050834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23920667171478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22087141871452332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.12496599555015564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67c471f15b804a4083f2b66eb5efc795","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67c471f15b804a4083f2b66eb5efc795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications, Vol 4, Iss 3, Pp 100141- (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314105","display_name":"Government of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/006b2g567"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525683323","https://openalex.org/W1631356911","https://openalex.org/W2020918964","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2126338609","https://openalex.org/W2163542171","https://openalex.org/W2430860929","https://openalex.org/W2611254621","https://openalex.org/W2764347725","https://openalex.org/W2766522683","https://openalex.org/W2768153805","https://openalex.org/W2797361743","https://openalex.org/W2798392044","https://openalex.org/W2799059781","https://openalex.org/W2802967788","https://openalex.org/W2809281533","https://openalex.org/W2889944218","https://openalex.org/W2892044852","https://openalex.org/W2901395403","https://openalex.org/W2972757559","https://openalex.org/W3013494946","https://openalex.org/W3076520468","https://openalex.org/W3088076394","https://openalex.org/W3098648333","https://openalex.org/W3101717749","https://openalex.org/W3102221801","https://openalex.org/W3105788074","https://openalex.org/W3106123690","https://openalex.org/W3115519879","https://openalex.org/W3123030176","https://openalex.org/W4231866917","https://openalex.org/W6671740359","https://openalex.org/W6704042318","https://openalex.org/W6750311558","https://openalex.org/W6757901460","https://openalex.org/W6764304199","https://openalex.org/W6767861942","https://openalex.org/W6770759485","https://openalex.org/W6775006565","https://openalex.org/W6784354302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4366411693","https://openalex.org/W3211641817","https://openalex.org/W3164717803","https://openalex.org/W4389915954","https://openalex.org/W3123387860","https://openalex.org/W4291291739","https://openalex.org/W2915579847"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Our":[0],"aim":[1],"is":[2,49,113,118,133,171,175,183,191,203],"to":[3,10,13,33,65],"determine":[4,23],"conditions":[5],"for":[6,53,75,108,127,224],"quantum":[7,18,30,56,80,97,110,122,154,193,212,227],"computing":[8],"technology":[9],"give":[11],"rise":[12],"security":[14,232],"risks":[15,233],"associated":[16,234],"with":[17,86,235],"Bitcoin":[19,47],"mining.":[20,39],"Specifically,":[21],"we":[22,105,150],"the":[24,42,46,68,76,79,91,96,121,136,153,166,176,184,192,211,222,230],"speed":[25,195],"and":[26,201,229],"energy":[27],"efficiency":[28,161],"a":[29,54,60,72,84,102,109,157,179,187,204],"computer":[31,159],"needs":[32],"offer":[34],"an":[35],"advantage":[36],"over":[37],"classical":[38,51,158,188],"We":[40,70],"analyze":[41],"setting":[43],"in":[44,160,196],"which":[45,132],"network":[48,137],"entirely":[50],"except":[52],"single":[55],"miner":[57,81,98,111,123,155,213],"who":[58],"has":[59],"small":[61],"hash":[62],"rate":[63],"compared":[64],"that":[66,78,107,112,152,206],"of":[67,93,178,186],"network.":[69],"develop":[71],"closed-form":[73],"approximation":[74],"probability":[77,88,117],"successfully":[82],"mines":[83,138],"block,":[85],"this":[87,115,146],"dependent":[89],"on":[90,143],"number":[92],"Grover":[94,125,180,197],"iterations":[95,126,198],"applies":[99,124],"before":[100,130],"making":[101],"measurement.":[103],"Next,":[104],"show":[106,151],"\u201cpeaceful\u201d,":[114],"success":[116],"maximized":[119],"if":[120,165,210],"16":[128],"minutes":[129,142],"measuring,":[131],"surprising":[134],"as":[135],"blocks":[139],"every":[140],"10":[141],"average.":[144],"Using":[145],"optimal":[147,216],"mining":[148,217],"procedure,":[149],"outperforms":[156],"(cost":[162],"per":[163,199],"block)":[164],"condition":[167,220],"Q":[168,174],"<":[169],"Crb":[170],"satisfied,":[172],"where":[173],"cost":[177,185],"iteration,":[181],"C":[182],"hash,":[189],"r":[190],"miner's":[194],"second,":[200],"b":[202],"factor":[205],"attains":[207],"its":[208],"maximum":[209],"uses":[214],"our":[215],"procedure.":[218],"This":[219],"lays":[221],"foundation":[223],"determining":[225],"when":[226],"mining,":[228],"known":[231],"it,":[236],"will":[237],"arise.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}